What are the two features of command-and-control regulation? Go back and reread Section 13.1, 13.2, or 13.3
Question:
What are the two features of command-and-control regulation? Go back and reread Section 13.1, 13.2, or 13.3 and explain to what degree the national legislation covering air, water, and land has these two features. Give examples.
Section 13.1
Section 13.2
Section 13.3
Transcribed Image Text:
The original CAA, passed in 1963, focused on federal assistance to the states. Major amendments to the CAA occurred in 1970, 1977, and 1990 and have shaped the national regulatory framework. The CAA (as amended) mandates a safety standard. Standards are to be set to "provide an adequate margin of safety ... to protect the public... from any known or anticipated adverse effects associated with such air pollutants in the ambient air." Congress explicitly ruled out a consideration of costs and benefits in the attainment of this goal. Yet, as we saw in Chapter 7, completely safe levels of many pollutants, short of zero discharge, do not exist. One of the difficulties the EPA has had in implementing the CAA has been in hammering out a politically acceptable definition of safety. The CAA distinguishes two types of air pollutants. First are the so-called criteria (or common) air pollutants: particulates, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, ground-level ozone (smog), and lead. All these pollutants generate a variety of respiratory and heart-related problems, some contribute to cancer, and lead also causes neurological diseases. Ground-level ozone, better known as smog, should not be confused with ozone in the upper atmosphere. Ground-level ozone is a harmful pollutant, while the ozone layer surrounding the earth provides a shield protecting us from dangerous ultraviolet rays. Similarly, carbon monoxide (CO)-the fatal gas that accumulates in a closed garage when the car is running-should not be confused with carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide, which is the major contributor to global warming, is also emitted from cars but does not directly harm human health. In addition to the criteria pollutants, Congress was also concerned about other less common air pollutants, which are also carcinogenic or interfere with reproductive, immune, or neurological systems. These pollutants, now called hazardous air pollutants or air toxics, are also regulated under a safety standard, but in a different manner than the criteria pollutants. For the criteria pollutants, Congress directed the EPA to develop National Ambi- ent Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). Ambient air quality refers to the average quality of air in a particular region. Each criteria pollutant was to be given a primary standard, designed to protect human health, and a secondary standard that focused on protecting
Fantastic news! We've Found the answer you've been seeking!
Step by Step Answer:
Answer rating: 100% (QA)
Answered By
PALASH JHANWAR
I am a Chartered Accountant with AIR 45 in CA - IPCC. I am a Merit Holder ( B.Com ). The following is my educational details.
PLEASE ACCESS MY RESUME FROM THE FOLLOWING LINK: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1hYR1uch-ff6MRC_cDB07K6VqY9kQ3SFL/view?usp=sharing
3.80+
3+ Reviews
10+ Question Solved
Related Book For
Economics And The Environment
ISBN: 9781118539729
7th Edition
Authors: Eban S. Goodstein, Stephen Polasky
Question Posted:
Students also viewed these Business questions
-
QUIZ... Let D be a poset and let f : D D be a monotone function. (i) Give the definition of the least pre-fixed point, fix (f), of f. Show that fix (f) is a fixed point of f. [5 marks] (ii) Show that...
-
Q1. You have identified a market opportunity for home media players that would cater for older members of the population. Many older people have difficulty in understanding the operating principles...
-
State carefully, with proof, the compositionality, soundness, and adequacy results for PCF. [6 marks] (ii) Define the notion of contextual equivalence in PCF. [2 marks] (You need not describe the...
-
The following set of dotplots with overlaid boxplots gives the number of pairs of flip-flops students said they owned for 13 males (top) and 37 females (bottom) in a statistics class. The five-number...
-
Inland Industrial Supply's income statement data for the year ended December 31, 2016, follow. Sales Revenue ......................... $253700 Cost of Goods Sold ................... 136,400 Gross...
-
McQueen Motor Company manufactures automobiles. During September 2022, the company purchased 5,000 headlamps at a cost of $15 per lamp. Fifty of these lamps were used to replace the headlamps in...
-
A 10-sided die, numbered 1 to 10, is rolled. Find the probability that the roll results in an even number or a number greater than 6. Use the pie chart at the left, which shows the percent...
-
Manufacturing cost flow for monthly and annual accounting periods Dorothy Huddle started Huddle Manufacturing Company to make a universal television remote control device that she had invented. The...
-
Write a C function to set a bit in the binary representation of an unsigned integer number of four bytes (bits counting from right to left as bit0, bitl, bit2, ..., bit31), and display both the...
-
Comment upon each of the following statements you heard in a conversation between two newly- hired staff auditors. a.Of course, Im qualified to be assigned to this engagement. I have an accounting...
-
The first civilian nuclear reactor began operation in 1957. Yet the agency in charge of overseeing the nuclear industry had fewer than a dozen active regulations in 1970. 14 One explanation for...
-
1. Give some examples of technology-based regulation. 2. Give some examples to show how safety-based legislation can be inefficient. 3. Give some examples to show how efficiency-based legislation can...
-
The daily high temperatures (in degrees Fahrenheit) for Sacramento, California, for a week in September are listed. 90 80 76 84 91 94 97 Determine the level of measurement of the data set. Explain.
-
Explain the Flower of Service concept and identify each of its petals. What insights does this concept provide for service marketers?
-
What are the dimensions of perceived control, and why is perceived control important?
-
How can a company promote itself through a search engine?
-
Click-through is one measure of the effectiveness of online advertising. a What is click-through? b Which factors are important in determining the click-through rate of a banner advertisement? c Is...
-
How can service firms build brand equity?
-
Evaluating Four Alternative Inventory Methods Based on Income and Cash Flow At the end of January 2011, the records of Donner Company showed the following for a particular item that sold at $16 per...
-
Gordon and Lisa estimate that they will need $1,875,000 in 40 years for their retirement years. If they can earn 8 percent annually on their funds, how much do they need to save annually?
-
Air-pollution-control authorities in southern California propose to control mobile-source emissions by requiring that a certain percentage of all new cars sold in the region be electric. Contrast the...
-
Suppose a new law is put into effect requiring oil tankers to use certain types of navigation rules in coastal waters of the United States. Suppose that the very next year there is a large tanker...
-
Suppose there is a suburban community where domestic septic tanks are responsible for contaminating a local lake. What is the effect on actual and efficient levels of water quality in the lake of an...
-
4. Network security including backup (explain what network security is and explain what back up is for in 3-4 sentences) a. Identify any hardware necessary (explain each with 2-3 sentences) b....
-
You've been hired by Telstra to set up mobile phone towers along a straight road in a rural area. There are n customers. Each customer's mobile device has a specific range in which it can send and...
-
Alice and Bob want to split a log cake between the two of them. The log cake is n centimeters long and they want to make one slice with the left part going to Alice and the right part going to Bob....
Study smarter with the SolutionInn App