1. Planning identifies alternative courses of action that can be taken if problems occur with the original plan.
(a) Benchmark
(b) Participatory
(c) Staff
(d) Contingency
2. A “no smoking” rule and a sexual harassment policy are examples of that are types of in organizations.
(a) long-range plans; policies
(b) single-use plans; means–ends chains
(c) policies; standing-use plans
(d) operational plans; short-range plans
3. When a manager is asked to justify a new budget proposal on the basis of projected activities rather than as an incremental adjustment to the prior year’s budget, this is an example of.
(a) zero-based budgeting
(b) strategic planning
(c) operational planning
(d) contingency planning
4. One of the expected benefits of participatory planning is.
(a) faster planning
(b) less need for forecasting
(c) greater attention to contingencies
(d) more commitment to implementation