Kapoor et al. (2011) collected data on the treatment of myeloma, which is a cancer of the blood. (You may think that this has little to do with psychology, but I have myeloma, and I take a thalidomide derivative, so I have a particular interest in the results.) Rajkumar found four studies since 2007 that compared a standard chemotherapy treatment for myeloma with the same treatment that also included thalidomide. (Thalidomide was a drug prescribed as a sedative to pregnant women in the 1950s and was then found to create truly horrible problems with birth defects and was immediately withdrawn, but not until after causing 10,000–20,000 birth defects worldwide. It has recently been found to be an excellent treatment for some forms of cancer, though it is used with a great deal of caution.) The following table presents the results of the four studies. The cell entries are the number of cases.

Compute risk ratios for each study as well as log risk ratios.

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Study Success Thalidomide Total Success Total Thalidomide Control Control Palumbo 21 129 5. 126 Facon 16 Hulin 8 Hovon 683 125 4 198 113 116 165 108