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fundamentals of statistics
Questions and Answers of
Fundamentals Of Statistics
What is evidence-based medicine?
What is the “File Drawer Problem”?
Why do we use effect sizes rather than means or mean differences in our meta-analysis?
What is a forest plot?
In combining studies we weight them in proportion to _____.
Having shown from the meta-analysis that there is an overall true effect of an intervention, where do we go from there?
When working with relative risk, or risk ratios, we generally transform the effect size with _____.
Calculate a mean effect size and its standard error.
Calculate confidence limits on the mean effect size computed in the previous exercise.Previous ExerciseCalculate a mean effect size and its standard error
Calculate the mean effect size estimate and its confidence limits for the data in this table. Bloch et al. (2009) conducted a meta-analysis on the treatment of Attention-deficit/hyperactivity
Create a forest plot for the data in Bloch’s study. Bloch et al. (2009) conducted a meta-analysis on the treatment of Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. There have been reports that
For the Bloch et al. study what would you conclude about the risk of increasing tic behavior using methylphenidate?Bloch et al. (2009) conducted a meta-analysis on the treatment of
Three of the studies referred to in the previous exercises also looked at differences in ratings of ADHD severity as a dependent variable. These results are shown below.a) Compute the mean effect
Why does it make little sense to look for heterogeneity of effect sizes in this example?
Compute the mean effect size and its confidence limits.
Kapoor et al. (2011) collected data on the treatment of myeloma, which is a cancer of the blood. (You may think that this has little to do with psychology, but I have myeloma, and I take a
Why might it not make much sense to examine the results for heterogeneity of effects?
Bisson and Andrew(2007) conducted a meta-analysis of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) as a treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). They found 14 studies for which they had clinicians’
The interaction in the analysis for Exercise 17.3 suggests that it would be profitable to examine simple effects. Compute the simple effects for the differences due to Strategy within each time
Use the Bonferroni test from Chapter 16 to elaborate on the results of Exercise 17.4.Exercise 17.4The interaction in the analysis for Exercise 17.3 suggests that it would be profitable to examine
The results in Exercises 17.1–17.4 are certainly extreme, and the statistics look unusual.What might trouble you about these data?Exercise 17.4The interaction in the analysis for Exercise 17.3
Referring to Exercise 17.8, it seems obvious that the sample sizes do not reflect the relative frequency of these characteristics in the population. Would you expect the mean for all these
In Exercise 17.10 you used traditional simple and effect procedures.a) What would happen if you simply ran a t test between LBW and FT means for multiparous mothers using MSerror as the pooled error
In Chapter 16 we had three different examples from a study by Spilich et al. (1992) in which we compared three groups on the basis of smoking behavior. We can set this design up as a 3 × 3 factorial
Run the analysis of variance on the data in Exercise 17.12 and draw the relevant conclusions.Exercise 17.12In Chapter 16 we had three different examples from a study by Spilich et al. (1992) in which
Even without picking up your pencil you can probably determine at least one conclusion about the data in Exercise 17.13. What is that conclusion, and why is it of no interest?Exercise 17.13Run the
Compute the necessary simple effects to explain the results of Exercise 17.13. What do these results tell you about the effects of smoking?Exercise 17.13Run the analysis of variance on the data in
For Exercise 17.15 use the protected t test to compare the Nonsmoking group to the other two groups in the Driving Simulation task.Exercise 17.15Compute the necessary simple effects to explain the
In Exercise 16.3 you ran a test between Groups 1 and 3 combined versus Groups 2 and 4 combined. How does that test compare to testing the main effect of Location in Exercise 17.16? Is there any
Calculate η2 and ω2 for the Maternal Adaptation data in Exercise 7.19.Exercise 7.19Nurcombe, Howell, Rauh, Teti, Ruoff, and Brennan (1984) conducted an intervention program with mothers of low
Calculate d for the main effect of Group in the data in Exercise 17.17.Exercise 17.17If you go back to Exercise 16.2, you will see that it really forms a 2 × 2 factorial. Run thefactorial analysis
Calculate η2 and ω2 for the data in Exercise 17.1.Exercise 17.1Thomas and Wang (1996) looked at the effects of memory on the learning of foreign vocabulary.Most of you have probably read that a
Calculate d for the two main effects for the data in Exercise 17.1. (Choose two groups to compare that seem reasonable from what you understand about the design of theexperiment.)Exercise 17.1Thomas
Calculate η2 and ω2 for the data in Exercise 17.13.Exercise 17.13Run the analysis of variance on the data in Exercise 17.12 and draw the relevant conclusions.Exercise 17.12In Chapter 16 we had
Why are some designs called “between-subjects” designs?
An important reason why repeated-measures designs are more powerful than between-subject designs is that we can factor out individual differences in the dependent variable. (T or F)
Why is there no explicit interaction term in the design that we have been examining?
What kind of multiple comparisons should you use for repeated-measures data?
What is the effect size measure that is often used with repeated measures?
What underlying assumption do we have with repeated-measures designs that is not necessary for between-subject designs?
What is a disadvantage of within-subject designs, and is it always a disadvantage?
For the same set of data, what is the difference between the error term in the between subjects analysis and the error term in the repeated measures analysis?
Run a repeated-measures analysis of variance on the data in Exercise 18.1 and explain your results.Exercise 18.1Migraine headaches are a problem for many people, and one way of treating them involves
If you were designing the study referred to in Exercise 18.1, what else would you like to have collected to clarify the meaning of your results?Exercise 18.1Migraine headaches are a problem for many
Using the data from Week 2 and Week 3 of Exercise 18.1, run a matched-sample t test to test the hypothesis that migraines decreased from before to after relaxation therapy.Exercise 18.1Migraine
Run a repeated-measures analysis of variance on the same data that you used in Exercise 18.4 and draw the appropriate conclusions.Exercise 18.4Using the data from Week 2 and Week 3 of Exercise 18.1,
For Exercise 18.5 compare the results you had in the two analyses.Exercise 18.5Run a repeated-measures analysis of variance on the same data that you used in Exercise 18.4 and draw the appropriate
Calculate as an effect size estimate to elaborate on the results in Exercise 18.4.Exercise 8.4Using the data from Week 2 and Week 3 of Exercise 18.1, run a matched-sample t test to test the
Use the protected t tests with the data in Exercise 18.1 to help you interpret the results. However this time compare the mean of the two baseline measures with the mean of the three training
Calculate an estimate of d for the comparison you made in Exercise 18.8.Exercise 18.8Use the protected t tests with the data in Exercise 18.1 to help you interpret the results. However this time
Rerun the analysis for the data in Exercise 18.10 using R or SPSS. (If you are using R you can either see the Web page referred to earlier or read your data from Ex18-10Long.dat.)Exercise 18.10St.
In the study discussed in Exercise 18.10, the authors also ran a control group under the same conditions, but without the BST intervention. Those data (for males) follow.Exercises 18.10St. Lawrence,
What would you conclude from the comparison of the answers to Exercises 18.10 and 18.12?(You do not know how to run the appropriate analysis of variance with an extra between subjects variable
Write a short paragraph describing the results of the analysis of the data in Exercise 18.1.Exercise 18.1Migraine headaches are a problem for many people, and one way of treating them involves
Use SPSS to reproduce the results that R gave you in Exercise 18.14.Exercise 18.14The combined data for Exercises 18.10 and 18.12 are presented in the data file named Ex18.14.I have added another
Why do you suppose it is called a “goodness-of-fit” test?
What is a contingency table?
What is a double-blind study?
What are “marginal totals”?
Give one advantage of Fisher’s Exact Test over the traditional chi-square test.
How do you use the chi-square test to perform tests on proportions?
What is a prospective study?
What is another name for “risk ratio”?
What does it mean to say that a risk ratio for cancer among long-term smokers and nonsmokers is 24.2?
From the point of view of designing a valid experiment an important difference exists between Exercise 19.1 and a similar example used in this chapter. The data in Exercise 19.1 will not really
To what population does the answer to Exercise 19.3 generalize?Exercise 19.3I have a theory that if you ask participants to sort one-sentence characteristics of people (e.g.,“I eat too fast”)
Following up the study referred to in Exercise 19.5, Hraba and Grant (1970) repeated the Clark and Clark study. The studies were not exactly equivalent, but they were close enough and the results are
Combine the data from Exercises 19.5 and 19.6 into a two-way contingency table and run the appropriate test. How does the question that the two-way classification addresses differ from the questions
How would you modify the analysis of the data in Exercise 19.8 if you also had the data on smoking behavior of the partners of these women?Exercise 19.8We know that smoking has all sorts of ill
Use the data in Exercise 19.8 to demonstrate how chi-square varies as a function of sample size.a) Double each cell entry and recompute chi-square.b) What does this have to say about the role of the
In Exercise 19.11 children were classified as those who never showed ADD-like behavior and those who showed ADD behavior at least once in the second, fourth, or fifth grade. If we do not collapse
It would be possible to calculate a one-way chi-square test on the data in column 1 of Exercise 19.12. What hypothesis would you be testing if you did that? How would that hypothesis differ from the
What does the answer to Exercise 19.16 say about the effects of sample size on the power of an experiment?Exercise 19.16Suppose that in the study by Latané and Dabbs (1975), referred to in Section
In the study described in Exercise 19.18, 11.5% of the Normal testosterone group and 17.9%of the High testosterone group had a history of childhood Delinquency.a) Is there a significant relationship
Calculate the odds ratio of adult delinquency for the data in Exercise 19.18.Exercise 19.18Dabbs and Morris (1990) examined archival data from military records to study the relationship between high
Calculate the odds ratio of childhood delinquency for the data in Exercise 19.19.Exercise 19.19In the study described in Exercise 19.18, 11.5% of the Normal testosterone group and 17.9%of the High
Calculate the odds ratio for the 2 × 2 table from Exercise 19.7 that combines the data of Clark and Clark (1939) and Hraba and Grant (1970).Exercise 19.7What does the answer to Exercise 19.16 say
Combine the data in Exercise 19.14 by adding together the Maintainers and Gainers categories.Then compute an odds ratio to say something about racial differences in high-school girls’perceptions of
Use an odds ratio and a risk ratio to clarify the results of the Dabbs and Morris study of testosterone in Exercise 19.18. Which of those two statistics would you prefer?Exercise 19.18Dabbs and
Peterson (2001) reports data on a study by Unah and Boger (2001) examining the death penalty in North Carolina from 1993 to 1997. The data in the table below show the outcome of sentencing for White
A distribution-free test makes _____.
Why are the tests discussed in the first half of this chapter often referred to as “rank randomization” tests?
How does the null hypothesis tested by the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test differ from the one tested by a standard independent groups t test?
Randomization tests are replacing traditional nonparametric tests because
Randomization tests that are roughly equivalent to Wilcoxon’s test use _____ as the test statistic.
Randomization tests are more popular than they used to be because of _____.
The Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance is a simple extension of the _____.
The major purpose of bootstrapping is to _______.
Referring to Exercise 20.3,a) Repeat the analysis using a suitable randomization test.b) How well do the two answers agree? Why don’t they agree exactly?I frequently ask you to use SPSS or R to
Repeat the analysis with a randomization test.I frequently ask you to use SPSS or R to solve a problem. You should have no problem with SPSS if you stick with the “Legacy” analyses. You should be
The results in Exercise 20.5 are not quite as clear-cut as we might like. Plot the differences as a function of the first-born’s score. What does this figure suggest?I frequently ask you to use
What is the difference between the null hypothesis tested by the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test and the corresponding t test?I frequently ask you to use SPSS or R to solve a problem. You should have no
What is the difference between the null hypothesis tested by Wilcoxon’s matched-pairs signed-ranks test and the corresponding t test?I frequently ask you to use SPSS or R to solve a problem. You
One of the arguments in favor of distribution-free tests is that they are more appropriate for ordinal scale data. (This issue was addressed earlier in the book in a different context.) Give a reason
Why is rejection of the null hypothesis using a t test a more specific statement than rejection of the null hypothesis using a traditional nonparametric test?I frequently ask you to use SPSS or R to
Three rival professors teaching English 1 all claim the honor of having the best students. To settle the issue, eight students are randomly drawn from each class and given the same exam.The exams are
A psychologist operating a group home for delinquent adolescents needs to show that the home is successful at reducing delinquency. He samples 10 adolescents living in their own homes who have been
As an alternative method of evaluating a group home, suppose we take 12 adolescents who have been declared delinquent. We take the number of days truant during each of three time periods: (1) the
What advantage does the study described in Exercise 20.14 have over the study described in Exercise 20.13?I frequently ask you to use SPSS or R to solve a problem. You should have no problem with
Compute a reasonable effect size measure for the data in Exercise 20.1. There are probably several different measures that you could come up with, so you should chose one that will give your reader a
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