The data from Exercises 2.15 and 2.16 come from the same 10 (N) observers. In other words, the same person had a score of 1.65 in the Eyes Level condition and 1.73 in the Eyes Elevated condition. Therefore the data form pairs of scores.

Exercise 2.15

Kaufman and Rock (1962)

tested an earlier hypothesis about reasons for the moon illusion by comparing how observers performed when they were able to look at the moon with their eyes level, and again with their eyes elevated. The data for the Eyes Level condition follow:

Exercise 2.16

With reference to Exercise 2.15, the data for the Eyes Elevated condition are

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(a) Multiply the scores in each pair together to get a variable called XY. (b) Calculate XY. (c) Calculate EXY. (d) Do EXY and EXEY differ, and would you normally expect them to? (e) Calculate - N N 1