Questions and Answers of Using Interpreting Statistics

Shemekia applied to a college that uses multiple regression to select students. This college only considers students whose predicted firstyear GPA is 3.0 or higher. Shemekia’s predicted GPA was 2.9
Continue with Exercise 14.56. The college responds to Shemekia. Based on the same information, what argument could the college make for why she shouldn’t be offered admission?Data from exercise
If Y′ and sY-Y′ are known, make an educated guess as to what the 95% prediction interval would be.
There is a graph with a regression line for predicting Y. Could it be used to predict X?
Relationship tests look for a relationship between ____ variables in ____ group of cases.
A Pearson r measures the degree of ____ relationship between two ____ variables.
Measures of ____ quantify the degree of relationship between two variables.
If there’s a relationship between two variables, they are said to be ____.
A researcher has completed a study and found r(28) = −.23, p > .05. What should she conclude about the direction of the relationship between X and Y in the population?
If two variables are correlated, they vary together ____.
A Pearson r measures how much the points in a scatterplot fall in a ____ line.
If two variables are correlated, the relationship between them may be a ____ relationship.
Statisticians love to say that correlation ____ causation.
____ are used to visualize the relationship between two variables.
If there is a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables, then they are ____. But, if two variables are correlated, there is not necessarily a ____ relationship between them.
The two variables in a correlation are usually labeled as ____ and ____.
The predictor variable in a correlation is the one that is viewed as ____ the other variable.
The dots fall in a ____ for a scatterplot showing no linear relationship between two normally distributed variables.
The strength of relationship, in a scatterplot, is determined by how well the points form a ____.
If the points in a scatterplot form a horizontal line, then r is ____.
Making a scatterplot using z scores instead of raw scores does / does not change the shape of the scatterplot.
In a perfect correlation, if a case has a z score of .75 for X, then its z score on Y is ____.
By the definitional formula for Pearson r, r is the ____ of multiplied-together pairs of ____.
A correlation coefficient is a number that ____ the strength of the relationship between ____.
If there is no linear relationship, then r = ____.
If r = .45, the relationship is ____ than if r = .70.
An r of ____ or ____ indicates a perfect linear relationship.
If r ranges from .01 to 1.00, the direction of the relationship is ____.
X and Y have an inverse relationship. As scores on X go up, scores on Y go ____.
An ____ is a score that falls far away from other scores.
An outlier can ____ the value of a correlation.
If the range of a variable is ____, then the full range of the variable is present in the sample.
A deflated value of a correlation can be caused by a ____.
The assumption that the sample is a random sample can / cannot be violated.
The linearity assumption is tested by making a ____.
The population value of a correlation is represented by the Greek letter ____.
The null and alternative hypotheses are statements about the ____ value of the correlation.
A nondirectional null hypothesis says there is ____ relationship in the population between X and Y.
The alternative hypothesis for a two-tailed test says there is ____ relationship in the population between X and Y, but it doesn’t state the ____ of the relationship.
If a researcher is doing a one-tailed test, first determine the ____ hypothesis.
If the alternative hypothesis is ρ < 0, then the researcher believes the relationship between X and Y is direct / inverse.
If the null hypothesis for a two-tailed test is true, then the sampling distribution of r ranges from ____ to ____ and is centered on ____.
If the hypotheses are nondirectional, then one is completing a ____-tailed test.
By setting alpha at .05, one is willing to make a Type ____ error 5% of the time.
Finding rcv depends on the number of tails in the test, alpha, and ____.
If r ≥ rcv, then ____ the null hypothesis.
APA says a correlation should be reported as ____, not 0.45.
When getting ready to interpret Pearson r results, it is helpful to review the ____.
The first question addressed in interpretation is ____.
To decide if the null hypothesis is rejected, implement the ____ developed in Step 4 of the hypothesis-testing procedure.
If the null hypothesis is not rejected, the results are said to be ____ significant.
If APA format says r(8) = −.23, p > .05, then N = ____.
If APA format says r(8) = −.23, p > .05, then the results were ____ significant.
If the null hypothesis is rejected and r is −.23, then one can conclude that there is a ____ relationship between X and Y, also known as an ____ relationship.
If the relationship between X and Y is a direct one, then cases with high scores on X are likely to have ____ scores on Y.
If the null hypothesis is not rejected, ____ evidence exists to say that there is a ____ between X and Y.
If a result is not statistically significant, then there is a possibility of a ____ error.
____ reveals the percentage of variability in one variable that is accounted for by the other variable.
As r2 gets closer to ____%, the effect is considered stronger.
If a relationship is perfect, r2 is ____%.
Cohen considers an r2 of ____% or greater to be a large effect.
The confidence interval for a Pearson correlation coefficient gives the range within which ____ likely falls.
When transforming a confidence interval from zr units to r units, make sure to maintain the ____ of the zr units.
Given these data, make a scatterplot: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Case 5 8 12 16 19 22 26 31 12 25 18 6 30 22 9. х 5 10 13 12 9 4 5 11 13 6 10 6 8 6 8
If the confidence interval captures zero, the null hypothesis was / was not rejected.
If the confidence interval is wide, one is likely to recommend ____ of the study with a larger ____.
Given these data, make a scatterplot: Case 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 X 44 46 48 47 49 50 48 49 52 52 53 54 54 55 56 29 25 28 34 26 30 32 36 27 37 4 31 34 25 30
“People who wear hats in the wintertime are compared to those who don’t wear hats in terms of how many days they suffer from a headcold. Does wearing a hat make a difference?” What test should
“People are measured, on an interval scale, to determine how fair-skinned they are. A dermatologist then examines them to see how many suspicious moles they have in order to determine if fairness
“A behavioral therapist had patients with spider phobias rate the level of their fear on an interval-level scale. He then asked the spider phobics to enter a room with a spider in a cage and come
“A kindergarten teacher classifies students as coloring inside the lines or coloring outside the lines. Years later, he uses police records to determine how many driving violations each former
A psychodynamic psychologist used an interval-level scale to measure the degree of Oedipal conflict in a large sample of elementary age boys. He then had each one, by himself, play a target-shooting
A philosopher wanted to see if curiosity about the meaning of life had any correlation, either positive or negative, with the age of college students and planned to use a Pearson r on her data. She
Assuming that a Pearson r can be used to analyze the data in Exercise 13.68, list the hypotheses.Data from exercise 13.68A psychodynamic psychologist used an interval-level scale to measure the
A sleep specialist believes that the more caffeine a person consumes per day, the more episodes of restless sleep that person experiences. What are her null and alternative hypotheses?
What is df for a Pearson r if N = 63?
What is df for a Pearson r if N = 212?
Given a two-tailed test with α = .05 and df = 7, what is rcv?
Given a two-tailed test with α = .05 and df = 27, what is rcv?
Given a one-tailed test, α = .05, N =33, and H1: ρ > 0, what is rcv?
Given a one-tailed test, α = .05, N =33, and H1: ρ < 0, what is rcv?
If rcv = ±.438, what is the decision rule?
If rcv = +.554, what is the decision rule?
If rcv = ±.200, draw the sampling distribution of r and label the rare and common zones.
If rcv = ±.404, draw the sampling distribution of r and label the rare and common zones.
Given MX = 9.00 and MY = 5.00, calculate deviation scores for X and Y.X ...................... Y12 .................... 68 ...................... 37 ...................... 6
Given MX = 16.33 and MY = 14.00, calculate deviation scores for X and Y.X ........................ Y18 ....................... 78 ....................... 1123 ..................... 24
(a) Multiply together the pairs of deviation scores and(b) Sum the products. Deviation Deviation Scores х Scores 65 -2.33 10 11.67 55 18 5.67 1.67 40 -3.33 -13.33 M= 12.33 M= 53.33
(a) Multiply together the pairs of deviation scores and(b) Sum the products. х Deviation Deviation Scores Scores 540 115 36.67 11.33 88 510 6.67 -15.67 460 108 -43.33 4.33 M= 503.33 M=103.67 %3D %3D
(a) Square the deviation scores and(b) Sum the squared scores. Product of Squared X Squared Y х Deviation Deviation Deviation Deviation Deviation Scores Scores Scores Scores х 21 Scores -46.20
(a) Square the deviation scores and(b) Sum the squared scores. Product of Squared X Squared Y х Deviation Deviation Deviation Deviation Deviation Scores Scores 83.30 Scores Scores х Scores 55 -8.33
(a) Multiply together the two sums of the squared deviation scores and (b) Find the square root of that product. Product of Squared X Squared Y Deviation Deviation Deviation Deviation Deviation
(a) Multiply together the two sums of the squared deviation scores and (b) Find the square root of that product. Squared X Deviation Scores 3,927.53 Squared Y Deviation Scores 1,110.89 Product of
Given Σ [(X - MX) (Y - MY)] = 255.70 and √SSXSSY = 337.29, calculate r.
Given Σ [(X - MX) (Y - MY)] = -564.32 and √SSXSSY = 15,342.55, calculate r.
Given the information in this table, calculate r: Squared X х Product of Squared Y Deviation Deviation Deviation Deviation Deviation х Scores Scores Scores Scores Scores -0.10 7.6 5.6 -0.90 0.11
Given the information in this table, calculate r: Product of Squared X Squared Y х Deviation Deviation Deviation Deviation Deviation х Scores Scores Scores Scores Scores -1.80 -2 -3 -2.60 4.68 3.24
Implementing the decision rule for a two-tailed test.rcv = ±.217 and r = −.17. State(a) Whether the null hypothesis was rejected, and(b) Whether or not the results are statistically significant.
Implementing the decision rule for a two-tailed test.rcv = ±.301 and r = −.31. State(a) Whether he null hypothesis was rejected, and(b) Whether or not the results are statistically
Writing APA format with α = .05, two-tailed.Given df = 20 and r = −.67, write the results in APA format.

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