In this reading, many budgeting and financial concepts are mentioned that we will study in more detail later. It is valuable to see the historical and social circumstances that gave rise to them. 

2. Historically, have innovations and reforms in budgeting tended to start from local governments and flow to the state and federal practices, or has it generally run the other way?
4. During which of the four major U.S. historical budgeting periods were program and performance budgeting first conceived?
6. During the post-World War II period there were two or more new budgeting innovations or systems. These were linked to the economic circumstances. Describe one of these innovations and note the economic circumstances that gave rise to it.
8. In your next management position, you encounter an extremely cumbersome budget reporting practice that consumes what you believe is an inappropriate amount of time for information that you perceive is of limited current value. 
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10. What might Irene Rubin's guidance and insights suggest about the potential source of this budget reporting practice and your eagerness to change or eliminate it?
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In general innovations and reforms in budgeting have tended to start from the federal level and then flow down to state and local governments This is ... View the full answer