Kalwij (2018) studies the effects of competition outcomes on lifespan by using evidence from the lifespans...

 

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Kalwij (2018) studies the effects of competition outcomes on lifespan by using evidence from the lifespans of U.S. Olympic medallists. The author finds that the life expectancies of silver medallists is shorter than that of gold medallists. These findings can be explained by insights from behavioural economics, psychology, and human biology, which suggest that (perceived) dissatisfactory competition outcomes may adversely affect health. Kalwij use simple linear regression to estimate the relationship between lifespan and competition outcomes. The dependent variable is the life expectancy (age at death), and the main variable of interest is a dummy variable equal to one if the medallist best performance in an Olympic was a silver medal (and zero if it was gold). If a medallist won more than one medal over his or her lifetime, only the best performance is considered. The author also controls for medallist gender, sports type, and whether the medallist won medals at more than one Olympic. The average life expectancy in the sample is 75 years. The following table presents the main results of thepaper: Dep. Variable: Life expectancy Silver medallist -2.40** (0.82) 2.23 (1.99) Female medallist Control for sports type Control for different Olympics Number of observations Standard errors are in parenthesis. Statistical significance at the 5% level is denoted with * and significance at the 1% level with **. A constant in included in the regression but it is not reported. Yes Yes 978 REQUIRED a. The data on the U.S. Olympic medallists are taken from Sports Reference, 2014, an online data source currently being incorporated into the statistical section of the International Olympic Committee's web site. In addition to athletes' Olympic sports achievements, this data set also includes Olympic medallists' vital statistics. Medallists with unknown birth and/or death dates are dropped from the sample. The final sample consists of 978 medallists who won their first medal at the Olympics between 1904 and 1936. Explain the structure of the data. What is the unit of observation? What is the frequency? (5 marks) b. What is the main coefficient of interest that allows them to reach that conclusion? Discuss the economic magnitude of the result. (5 marks) c. After running a White test, the author finds that there is evidence of heterosckedasticity, and proceeds to using robust standard errors to fix the problem. What is the expected value of the coefficient and the standard error of "Silver medallist" with robust standard errors? Kalwij (2018) studies the effects of competition outcomes on lifespan by using evidence from the lifespans of U.S. Olympic medallists. The author finds that the life expectancies of silver medallists is shorter than that of gold medallists. These findings can be explained by insights from behavioural economics, psychology, and human biology, which suggest that (perceived) dissatisfactory competition outcomes may adversely affect health. Kalwij use simple linear regression to estimate the relationship between lifespan and competition outcomes. The dependent variable is the life expectancy (age at death), and the main variable of interest is a dummy variable equal to one if the medallist best performance in an Olympic was a silver medal (and zero if it was gold). If a medallist won more than one medal over his or her lifetime, only the best performance is considered. The author also controls for medallist gender, sports type, and whether the medallist won medals at more than one Olympic. The average life expectancy in the sample is 75 years. The following table presents the main results of thepaper: Dep. Variable: Life expectancy Silver medallist -2.40** (0.82) 2.23 (1.99) Female medallist Control for sports type Control for different Olympics Number of observations Standard errors are in parenthesis. Statistical significance at the 5% level is denoted with * and significance at the 1% level with **. A constant in included in the regression but it is not reported. Yes Yes 978 REQUIRED a. The data on the U.S. Olympic medallists are taken from Sports Reference, 2014, an online data source currently being incorporated into the statistical section of the International Olympic Committee's web site. In addition to athletes' Olympic sports achievements, this data set also includes Olympic medallists' vital statistics. Medallists with unknown birth and/or death dates are dropped from the sample. The final sample consists of 978 medallists who won their first medal at the Olympics between 1904 and 1936. Explain the structure of the data. What is the unit of observation? What is the frequency? (5 marks) b. What is the main coefficient of interest that allows them to reach that conclusion? Discuss the economic magnitude of the result. (5 marks) c. After running a White test, the author finds that there is evidence of heterosckedasticity, and proceeds to using robust standard errors to fix the problem. What is the expected value of the coefficient and the standard error of "Silver medallist" with robust standard errors?

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a Life expectancy years unit years 0 or 1 silver medalist gold medalist 0 or 1 for fem... View the full answer