Provide a brief summary what was understood on the aspect of the causes or effects of segregation
Fantastic news! We've Found the answer you've been seeking!
Question:
Provide a brief summary what was understood on the aspect of the causes or effects of segregation in city ( any kind of city within US).
REFERENCE:
Transcribed Image Text:
Despite substantial gains during much of the past half-century, employment outcomes for blacks and Hispanics still fall short of outcomes for whites. Blacks and Hispanics are less likely to have jobs and) if they are employed, earn lower wages on average. Differences between minorities and whites in education, skills, and experience explain part of the gap in employment outcomes but not all of it. Even after education and achievement have been controlled for, blacks and Hispanics-particularly men-do not enjoy as much success in the labor market as whites. This chapter reviews current theory and evidence on the contribution of residential segregation to persistent inequality in employment outcomes and presents new exploratory analysis of 2000 census data on the isolation of minority neighborhoods from centers of employment opportunity. CHAPTER 5 Residential Segregation and Employment Inequality Margery Austin Turner Persistence of Employment Inequality During the 1960s and 1970s, disparities between minorities and whites narrowed significantly, suggesting that the nation was making real progress toward more equitable employment opportunities. However, during the 1980s the gap between minorities and whites in both employment and wages widened again because of economic restructuring, the loss of manufacturing jobs, and the relative decline in wages for low-skill jobs (Smith 2001; Holzer 2001; Conrad 2001). The prosperity of the 1990s brought increases in employment for virtually all segments of the U.S. population, and the wage gap between white and minority men narrowed. However, the gap in employment rates between white and minority men continued to widen during the 1990s. For women, the opposite pattern prevailed during the past decade, with differences in employment narrowing while differences in wages narrowed. This pattern is probably attributable to the increase in employment among low-skilled women because of welfare reform (Holzer et al 2004). Thus, near the start of the twenty-first century, blacks and Hispanics are still at a substantial disadvantage relative to whites. As is illustrated in Table 5.1, the share of all blacks who are working (the employment to population ratio) falls substantially below that of either whites or Hispanics. The share of people who are actively seeking work but unable to find it (the unemployment rate) is roughly twice as high for blacks as for whites, and almost 50 percent higher for Hispanics than for non- Hispanic whites. Considerable research has focused on identifying the causes of these racial and ethnic disparities in employment and wages. Clearly, differences between minorities and whites in education and experience-differences that stem in part from past discrimination-provide part of the explanation. However, these factors explain the wage gap more than the gap in employment rates and the gap between white and minority women more than between white and minority men (Smith 2001; Holzer 2001; Conrad 2001). Table 5.1 Current Disparities in Employment by Race and Ethnicity (percentages) Ratio of employment to population Whites Blacks 2001 2002 2003 2004 63.7 66.5 66.4 63.2 58.5 57.6 56.9 57.0 64.3 63.4 63.0 63.9 Hispanics Unemployment rate Whites Blacks Hispanics Source: Seasonally adjusted fourth-quarter estimates from the Current Population Survey 4.9 9.8 7.4 5.1 5.1 4.6 10.6 10.6 10.8 7.9 7.1 6.7 Outright discrimination against minorities in the labor market also plays a role. Paired-testing studies find that young black and Hispanic men applying for entry- level jobs are less likely than comparably qualified whites to be invited to apply, interviewed, or offered a position. In addition, they experience significant levels of Despite substantial gains during much of the past half-century, employment outcomes for blacks and Hispanics still fall short of outcomes for whites. Blacks and Hispanics are less likely to have jobs and) if they are employed, earn lower wages on average. Differences between minorities and whites in education, skills, and experience explain part of the gap in employment outcomes but not all of it. Even after education and achievement have been controlled for, blacks and Hispanics-particularly men-do not enjoy as much success in the labor market as whites. This chapter reviews current theory and evidence on the contribution of residential segregation to persistent inequality in employment outcomes and presents new exploratory analysis of 2000 census data on the isolation of minority neighborhoods from centers of employment opportunity. CHAPTER 5 Residential Segregation and Employment Inequality Margery Austin Turner Persistence of Employment Inequality During the 1960s and 1970s, disparities between minorities and whites narrowed significantly, suggesting that the nation was making real progress toward more equitable employment opportunities. However, during the 1980s the gap between minorities and whites in both employment and wages widened again because of economic restructuring, the loss of manufacturing jobs, and the relative decline in wages for low-skill jobs (Smith 2001; Holzer 2001; Conrad 2001). The prosperity of the 1990s brought increases in employment for virtually all segments of the U.S. population, and the wage gap between white and minority men narrowed. However, the gap in employment rates between white and minority men continued to widen during the 1990s. For women, the opposite pattern prevailed during the past decade, with differences in employment narrowing while differences in wages narrowed. This pattern is probably attributable to the increase in employment among low-skilled women because of welfare reform (Holzer et al 2004). Thus, near the start of the twenty-first century, blacks and Hispanics are still at a substantial disadvantage relative to whites. As is illustrated in Table 5.1, the share of all blacks who are working (the employment to population ratio) falls substantially below that of either whites or Hispanics. The share of people who are actively seeking work but unable to find it (the unemployment rate) is roughly twice as high for blacks as for whites, and almost 50 percent higher for Hispanics than for non- Hispanic whites. Considerable research has focused on identifying the causes of these racial and ethnic disparities in employment and wages. Clearly, differences between minorities and whites in education and experience-differences that stem in part from past discrimination-provide part of the explanation. However, these factors explain the wage gap more than the gap in employment rates and the gap between white and minority women more than between white and minority men (Smith 2001; Holzer 2001; Conrad 2001). Table 5.1 Current Disparities in Employment by Race and Ethnicity (percentages) Ratio of employment to population Whites Blacks 2001 2002 2003 2004 63.7 66.5 66.4 63.2 58.5 57.6 56.9 57.0 64.3 63.4 63.0 63.9 Hispanics Unemployment rate Whites Blacks Hispanics Source: Seasonally adjusted fourth-quarter estimates from the Current Population Survey 4.9 9.8 7.4 5.1 5.1 4.6 10.6 10.6 10.8 7.9 7.1 6.7 Outright discrimination against minorities in the labor market also plays a role. Paired-testing studies find that young black and Hispanic men applying for entry- level jobs are less likely than comparably qualified whites to be invited to apply, interviewed, or offered a position. In addition, they experience significant levels of
Expert Answer:
Answer rating: 100% (QA)
In Residential Segregation and Employment Inequality by Margery Austin Turner the understanding of t... View the full answer
Related Book For
Auditing Cases An Interactive Learning Approach
ISBN: 9780134421827
7th Edition
Authors: Mark S Beasley, Frank A. Buckless, Steven M. Glover, Douglas F Prawitt
Posted Date:
Students also viewed these economics questions
-
Read and answer the question below. EMBRACE DEMOGRAPHICS AND SOCIETAL CHANGES Using Differences to Drive Value Force 7: Demographics and Societal Changes. One of the most important forces that is...
-
Planning is one of the most important management functions in any business. A front office managers first step in planning should involve determine the departments goals. Planning also includes...
-
Investment Portfolio and Risk diversification. Analyze the situations that arise in each of the problems and calculate the value or values ?? required for each of these. Problem 2: List and discuss...
-
The founder, president, and major shareholder of Dewitt Corp. recently sold his controlling interest in the company to a national distributor in the same line of business. The change in ownership was...
-
A tabular ore body 15 ft thick is mined full-seam height at a depth of 2,300 ft by repeated slices 20 ft wide and 5,000 ft long, so the first drive is simply a 20 ft wide tunnel from the rock...
-
Figure 22. 15 (page 773) shows a person's hair standing out from her head because of "electrostatic charge." Look back at the discussion of Van de Graaff generators and discuss how this can happen...
-
By December 31, 2017, Clearing Corp. had performed a significant amount of environmental consulting services for Rank Ltd. Rank was short of cash, and Clearing agreed to accept a $200,000,...
-
What is MATLAB? Pros and cons.
-
What is activity-based costing, and what are its potential benefits?
-
a) Why is inventory management important? How does mismanaged inventory leads to costs to any organisation? (10 marks) Give examples to justify your answers. (Please answer in 200-300 words). b) Reem...
-
Assess reverse logistics with respect to its impact on the environment in general and at Owen's & Minor. a) Describe the components of Owen's & Minor's supply chain with the greatest potential...
-
Curtiss Construction Company, Inc., entered into a fixed-price contract with Axelrod Associates on July 1, 2021, to construct a four-story office building. At that time, Curtiss estimated that it...
-
Suppose that the current EUR/GBP rate is 0.6661 and the one-year forward exchange rate is 0.6719. The one-year interest rate is 1.7% in euros and 2.5% in pounds. You can borrow at most 1,000,000 or...
-
Otto Enterprises issued 15-year bonds with a coupon of 8 percent two years ago. The bonds have a par value of $1,000 and make semiannual coupon payment. What is the price of these bonds if the yield...
-
Which is better pricing strategy for yoga bar vitamin bar in India, value-based or price-skimming and why?
-
**I have prepared the profit statement for each month and each method (absorption and variable costing) !!Now i need to reconcile the profit calculated using absorption costing to that using variable...
-
Flicker, Inc., a closely held corporation, acquired a passive activity this year. Gross income from operations of the activity was $160,000. Operating expenses, not including depreciation, were...
-
A 2017 Gallup Poll1 survey regarding Americans concerns about environmental issues revealed the following: Given results of surveys like the one above, it shouldnt be surprising that more and more...
-
Anne Aylor, Inc. (Anne Aylor) is a leading national specialty retailer of high-quality womens apparel, shoes, and accessories sold primarily under the Anne Aylor brand name. Anne Aylor is a highly...
-
The information below relates to the audit of EyeMax Corporation, a client with a calendar year-end. EyeMax has debt agreements associated with publicly traded bonds that require audited financial...
-
Verify the likelihood in equation (16.5) for the two-part model. n2. (16.5) -(-)-(-2)/02 L = [] {(p;)" (1 p; )'-'} [[ ( i=1 ri=1
-
Derive the likelihood for the tobit type II model. Show that your likelihood reduces to equation (16.5) in the case of uncorrelated disturbance terms. n2. (16.5) -(-)-(-2)/02 L = [] {(p;)" (1 p;...
-
The U.S. budget deficit has reached a record high of \($2.1\) trillion during the first eight months of the fiscal year. The deficit is propelled by expenditures on jobless benefits, nutrition...
Study smarter with the SolutionInn App