1. What is the role of ligase enzymes in rDNA technology, and why are they important for creating recombinant DNA molecules?

2. Explain the concept of gene expression in the context of rDNA technology. How are genes activated or deactivated in genetically modified organisms?

3. What is the significance of selecting appropriate promoter sequences when designing recombinant DNA constructs?

4. How are selectable markers used in rDNA technology, and why are they essential for identifying organisms that have successfully incorporated foreign DNA?

5. What are the potential risks and benefits associated with the release of genetically modified organisms into the environment, and how are these risks assessed and managed?

6. Describe the process of DNA sequencing and its relevance in rDNA technology. How is DNA sequencing used to verify the correctness of recombinant DNA constructs?

7. What is reverse transcription, and how is it used in rDNA technology? Provide an example of its application.

8. What are "knockout" mice, and how are they created using rDNA technology? What insights do these genetically modified animals provide in biomedical research?

9. Explain the concept of gene silencing using RNA interference (RNAi) in rDNA technology. How can small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) be used to regulate gene expression?

10. What are the current and potential future applications of CRISPR-Cas9 technology in rDNA? How does it compare to traditional rDNA techniques in terms of precision and efficiency?

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