For each of the following descriptions of studies, identify the independent and dependent variables involved and the nature of the independent variable (between‐subjects or within‐subjects; manipulated or subject variable), name the experimental design being used, identify the measurement scale (nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio) for the dependent variable(s), and indicate which inferential analysis ought to be done (which type of t‐test or ANOVA).

1. In a study of how bulimia affects the perception of body size, a group of woman with bulimia and a group of same‐age women without bulimia are asked to examine a precisely graded series of 10 drawings of women of different sizes and to indicate which size best matches the way they think they look.

2. College students in a cognitive mapping study are asked to use a direction finder to point accurately to three unseen locations that differ in distance from the laboratory. One is a nearby campus location, one is a nearby city, and the other one is a distant city.

3. Three groups of preschoolers (50 per group, assigned randomly) are in a study of task perseverance in which the size of the delay of reward is varied. The children in all three groups are given a difficult puzzle and told to work on it as long as they would like. One group is told that as payment they will be given $5 at the end of the session. The second group will get the $5 after two days from the end of the session, and the third will get the money after four days.

4. To examine whether crowding affects problem‐solving performance, participants are placed in either a large or a small room while attempting to solve a set of word puzzles. Before assigning participants to the two conditions, the researcher takes a measure of their verbal intelligence to ensure the average verbal IQ of the groups is equivalent.

5. In a study of first impressions, students examine three consecutive photos of a young woman whose arms are covered with varying amounts of tattoos. In one photo, the woman has no tattoos; in the second photo, she has one tattoo on each arm; in the third photo, she has three tattoos per arm.

From a checklist, students indicate which of five majors the woman is likely to be enrolled in and rate her on 10 different 7‐point scales (e.g., one scale has 1 = emotionally insecure and 7 = emotionally secure).

6. In an attempt to identify the personality characteristics of cell phone users, three groups of college students are identified: those who do not have a cell phone; those who own a cell phone, but report using it less than 10 hours per week; and those who own a cell phone and report using it more than 10 hours per week. They are given a personality test that identifies whether they have an outgoing or a shy personality.

7. A researcher studies a group of 20 men, each with the same type of brain injury. They are divided into two groups in such a way that their ages and educational levels are kept constant. All are given anagram problems to solve; first group is given 2 minutes to solve each anagram and the second group is given 4 minutes per anagram.

8. To determine if maze learning is affected by the type of maze used, 20 rats are randomly assigned to learn a standard alley maze (i.e., includes side walls; located on the lab floor); another 20 learn an elevated maze (no side walls; raised above floor level). Learning is assumed to occur when the rats run through the maze without making any wrong turns.