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social science
research methods in psychology

Questions and Answers of Research Methods In Psychology

Explain how researchers may reduce observer bias.
Survey research is difficult to do well, and this can be especially the case when the topic is people’s sexual attitudes and practices. For a book focusing in part on women’s sexuality, an author
Briefly identify the goal of survey research and how correlations are used within survey research.
With the increasing use of electronic communications and the Internet, a growing problem among youth is the experience of online harassment (cyberbullying). Estimates of the extent of cyberbullying
Describe the information you would examine to determine whether survey results are biased because the sponsoring agency of the survey has a vested interest in how the results turn out.
The human resources department of a large corporation decides it wants to survey employees’knowledge of procedures for requesting alternative work schedules (e.g., flex-time, maternity/paternity
What two characteristics do surveys have in common regardless of the purpose for which the survey has been done?
Suppose you are an intern at a hospital with the task of developing a survey regarding patients’attitudes toward their care while they were hospitalized. Hospital administration will provide a list
Explain the relationship between the homogeneity of the population from which a sample is to be drawn and the size of a sample needed to ensure representativeness.
Explain why there is likely to be a serious threat to the interpretability of the results of a survey when a convenience sample is used.
Explain why you would choose to use a mail survey, personal interviews, telephone interviews, or an Internet survey for your survey-research project.
Explain why it is not possible to conclude a sample does not represent a population simply by knowing that the response rate was 50%.
What are the major advantages and disadvantages of Internet surveys?
Describe the relationship that would need to exist among the samples in a successive independent samples design in order to be able to interpret population changes in attitudes over time.
You are interested in assessing the direction and extent of change over time in the opinions of individual respondents. Identify the survey-research design you would choose, and explain why you would
Describe one method for determining the reliability and one method for determining the validity of a self-report measure.
Describe three factors that affect the reliability of self-report measures in survey research.
How would you respond if someone told you that survey results were useless because people do not respond truthfully to questions on surveys?
An experimenter is planning to do a random groups design experiment to study the effect of the rate of presenting stimuli on people’s ability to recognize the stimuli. The independent variable is
Explain why “correlation does not imply causation,” and explain how correlational evidence can be useful in identifying potential causes of behavior.
Define mediator and moderator and provide an example of each.
Describe two reasons why psychologists conduct experiments.
Describe how the control techniques of manipulation, holding conditions constant, and balancing contribute to meeting the three conditions necessary for a causal inference.
A researcher sought to determine whether women’s feelings about their body are affected by subliminal presentations of very thin body images. Presentation of an image for 15 milliseconds (msec) is
Explain why comparable groups are such an essential feature of the random groups design, and describe how researchers achieve comparable groups.
Premature infants often have difficulty regulating their body temperature because of their low birth weight and low body fat. Researchers hypothesized that immersion bathing in warm water would
Identify what a “block” refers to in block randomization and explain what this procedure accomplishes.
A study was done to compare two diets to help diabetic male patients lose weight. Each diet reduced patients’ intake to 1,800 calories per day. In the control condition, patients chose their own
What preventive steps could you take if you anticipated that selective subject loss could pose a problem in your experiment?
Explain how placebo control and double-blind techniques can be used to control demand characteristics and experimenter effects.
Explain why meta-analysis allows researchers to draw stronger conclusions about the principles of psychology.
Explain what a statistically significant outcome of an inferential statistics test tells you about the effect of the independent variable in an experiment.
Explain what you could conclude if the confidence intervals did not overlap when you were testing for a difference between means for two conditions in an experiment.
Briefly describe four ways researchers can establish the external validity of a research finding.
Briefly explain the logic of the matched groups design, and identify the three conditions under which the matched groups design is a better alternative than the random groups design.
How do individual differences variables differ from manipulated independent variables, and why does this difference make it difficult to draw causal inferences on the basis of the natural groups
Describe what is balanced in a random groups design and what is balanced in a repeated measures design.
The following problems represent different situations in the repeated measures designs in which practice effects need to be balanced.A. Consider a repeated measures experiment using a complete design
Briefly describe four reasons why researchers would choose to use a repeated measures design.
A student working as an intern at an advertising agency is assigned the task of evaluating people’s first impressions of a new ad. The agency prepared four photos of a client’s product, a new
The following table represents the order of administering the conditions to participants in a repeated measures experiment using an incomplete design in which the independent variable was the
Define sensitivity and explain why repeated measures designs are often more sensitive than random groups designs.
Distinguish between a complete design and an incomplete design for repeated measures designs.
What options do researchers have in balancing practice effects in a repeated measures experiment using a complete design?
Under what two circumstances would you recommend against the use of ABBA counterbalancing to balance practice effects in a repeated measures experiment using a complete design?
State the general rule for balancing practice effects in repeated measures experiments using an incomplete design.
Briefly describe the techniques that researchers can use to balance practice effects in the repeated measures experiments using an incomplete design. Identify which of these techniques is preferred
Explain why an additional initial step is required to summarize the data for an experiment involving a complete repeated measures design.
Describe how researchers can determine if differential transfer has occurred in a repeated measures experiment.
Identify the number of independent variables, the number of levels for each independent variable, and the total number of conditions for each of the following examples of complex design
Consider an experiment in which two independent variables have been manipulated. Variable A has been manipulated at three levels, and Variable B has been manipulated at two levels.A. Draw a graph
To examine factors that cause suspects to waive their rights after they hear the Miranda warning, researchers created a situation in which students were falsely accused of cheating in an experiment,
Identify the conditions in a complex design when the following independent variables are factorially combined:(1) Type of task with three levels (visual, auditory, tactile)(2) Group of children
Use the Kassin et al. results in Table 8.3 for interrogators’ efforts to obtain a confession to show there are two possible ways to describe the interaction effect.Table 8.3 AN INTERACTION EFFECT
To test whether participants in an experiment would help another person, a researcher developed a computer game that involved maneuvering a robot character at the bottom of the screen to catch balls
Describe how you would use the subtraction method to decide whether an interaction effect was present in a table showing the results of a 2 × 2 complex design.
A psychologist hypothesized that older people take longer to process complex visual patterns. He tested 20 older (ages 65–70) and 20 younger individuals using an embedded figures test.In his
Describe the pattern in a line graph that indicates the presence of an interaction effect in a complex design.
Outline the steps in the analysis plan for a complex design with two independent variables when there is an interaction effect and when there is not an interaction effect.
Use an example to illustrate how a complex design can be used to test predictions derived from a psychological theory.
How is the external validity of the findings in a complex design influenced by the presence or absence of an interaction effect?
Explain why researchers should be cautious about saying that an independent variable does not have an effect on behavior.
Describe the pattern of descriptive statistics that would indicate a ceiling (or floor) effect may be present in a data set, and describe how this pattern of data may affect the interpretation of
Explain how interaction effects in a complex design can be used as part of the solution to the problem of drawing causal inferences on the basis of the natural groups design.
Identify and give an example of each of the advantages of the case study method.
A case study showing how “mud therapy” was successful in treating an individual exhibiting excessive anxiety was reported in a popular magazine. The patient’s symptoms included trouble
Distinguish between a nomothetic and an idiographic approach to research.
A 5-year-old child frequently gets skin rashes, and the mother has been told by her family doctor that the problem is due to “something” the child eats. The doctor suggests that she “watch
Identify and give an example of each of the disadvantages of the case study method.
During the summer months, you fi nd employment in a camp for mildly mentally impaired children. As a counselor you are asked to supervise a small group of children, as well as to look for ways to
What is the major limitation of the case study method in drawing cause-effect conclusions?
A teacher asks your help in planning a behavioral intervention that will help manage the behavior of a problem child in his classroom. The child does not stay at her desk when asked to do so, does
Under what conditions might a single-case experimental design be more appropriate than a multiple-group design?
Distinguish between baseline and intervention stages of a single-case experimental design.
Why is an ABAB design also called a reversal design?
What methodological problems are specifically associated with an ABAB design?
Outline the general procedures and logic that are common to all the major forms of multiple-baseline designs.
What methodological problems are specifically associated with multiple-baseline designs?
What methodological problems must be addressed in all single-case designs?
What evidence supports the external validity of single-case designs?
A quasi-experiment was used to determine whether multimedia instruction is effective. Two sections of introductory psychology were taught by the same instructor, both in the early afternoon. In one
Identify two reasons why it might be especially important to carry out experiments in natural settings.
A psychologist published a book describing the effects of divorce on men, women, and children.She was interested in the effects of divorce that occurred 10 years after the divorce. She found that
Explain how laboratory experiments and those in natural settings differ in control, external validity, goals, and consequences.
Describe the three distinguishing characteristics of true experiments, and identify what can be said about the independent variable based on these characteristics.
The police force of a large city had to decide between two different approaches to keeping the officers on the force informed about the changes in laws. An enlightened administrator of this force
What obstacles do researchers have to overcome when they try to carry out experiments in natural settings?
A small undergraduate college with a new physical fitness center decided to introduce a health enhancement program for faculty and staff. The program is designed to take one semester to complete with
Identify two procedures that permit researchers to assign participants randomly to conditions while still giving all participants access to the experimental treatment.
Describe and explain the consequences of the three ways in which participants in a control group might respond when contamination occurs.
Explain how novelty effects, including the Hawthorne effect, may influence a researcher’s interpretation of the effectiveness of an experimental treatment.
What is the best test of external validity?
Explain why it is essential to use a pretest in the nonequivalent control group design.
Explain how one threat to internal validity is controlled in the nonequivalent control group design, and describe a threat to internal validity that is not controlled in this design.
Identify two reasons why we cannot conclude that the treatment and control groups in a nonequivalent control group design are equivalent even when the pretest scores are the same for both groups.
Explain the difference between a history threat to internal validity and what is called a “local history effect” in the nonequivalent control group design.
What is the major evidence for an effect of the treatment in a simple interrupted timeseries design, and what are the major threats to internal validity in this design?
Explain how the addition of a nonequivalent control group to a simple interrupted time-series design reduces the threat to the internal validity of the design.
Describe the type of information sought when evaluators ask each of the four questions typically addressed in program evaluation.

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