It frequently happens that a table with data needs to be restructured before the data can be analyzed using standard statistical software. As an example, consider the test scores in Table 1.

3 of 5 students before and after specialized tuition.

This is not in the standard format described in Section 1.1. In particular, the student scores are divided over two columns, whereas the standard format requires that they are collected in one column, e.g., labelled

'Score'. Reformat (by hand) the table in standard format, using three features:

• 'Score', taking continuous values,

• 'Time', taking values 'Before' and 'After',

• 'Student', taking values from 1 to 5.

Useful methods for reshaping tables in pandas are melt, stack, and unstack.

Transcribed Image Text:

Student 1 2 2345 Table 1.3: Student scores. Before After 75 85 30 50 100 100 50 52 60 65