For a rating experiment, researchers translated short video clips of randomly selected speeches by 30 male and 30 female politicians into animated, gender-neutral stick-figures. These animated sequences were rated (on a scale from ˆ’100 to 100) by a panel of students on the perceived dominance of the speaker. A higher rating indicates higher dominance. The following data show the average rating each speech received. (The data are also in the stickfigures.csv file.)

a. State the null and alternative hypothesis and run a permutation test (e.g., using the web app) to see whether there is a difference in the ratings on competence between female and male speakers. What is the conclusion when the significance level is 0.05?
b. Run a t test. Are results comparable to the ones from the permutation test? Why or why not?

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Male politicians: -11, 37, 40, –14, 41, –43, 19, 35, 42, 18, 2, –1, –6, 49, –6, 20, 27, – 24, 19, –33, 48, 21, 26, –21, 28, –11, –7, 15, 39, –29 Female politicians: 23, 32, 12, –45, 19, 21, –25, 2, –27, -32, –26, –14, –6, 22, –22, –18, 66, 22, 3, –9, –12, –43, –1, –36, 23, 44, 9, 32, -40, –7