Ethanol is a required additive in gasoline in the USA and many other countries. The main steps in producing ethanol from corn include farming to grow corn and the manufacturing step in which corn sugar is converted to ethanol by fermentation. For these two steps, discuss the ecosystem services that each activity depends on and how each activity impacts ecosystem services. Think of the direct and indirect inputs from nature and the impact of each activity. Use the CICES listing in Table 1.1 to identify the ecosystem services.

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Table 1.1 Classification of ecosystem services. Section Provisioning (biotic) Regulation and maintenance (biotic) Cultural (biotic) Division Biomass Genetic material from all biota Transformation of biochemical or physical inputs to ecosystems Regulation of physical, chemical, and biological conditions Direct, in-situ, and outdoor interactions with living systems that depend on presence in the environmental setting Indirect, remote, often indoor interactions with living systems that do not require presence in the environment Group Cultivated terrestrial plants for nutrition, materials, or energy Cultivated aquatic plants for nutrition, materials, or energy Reared animals for nutrition, materials, or energy Reared aquatic animals for nutrition, materials, or energy Wild plants (terrestrial and aquatic) for nutrition, materials, or energy Wild animals (terrestrial and aquatic) for nutrition, materials, or energy Genetic material from plants, algae, fungi, or animals Mediation of wastes or toxic substances of anthropogenic origin by living processes Mediation of nuisances of anthropogenic origin Regulation of baseline flows and extreme events Life cycle maintenance, habitat, and gene pool protection Pest and disease control Regulation of soil quality Water conditions Atmospheric composition and conditions Physical and experiential interactions with natural environments Intellectual and representative interactions with natural environments Spiritual, symbolic, and other interactions with natural environments Other biotic characteristics that have a non-use value