A study of heat transmission from condensing steam to cooling water in a single-tube condenser gave results for both clean and fouled tubes. For each tube the overall co-efficient U was determined at a number of water velocities. The experimental results were represented by the following empirical equations:

where U_ρ = overall heat-transfer coefficient. Btu/ft² · h. °F V̅ = water velocity, ft/s. The tubes were 0.902-in. ID and 1.000-in. OD, made of admiralty metal, for which k = 63 Btu/ft · h · °F. From these data calculate 

(a) The steam-film coefficient (based on steam-side area),

(b) The water-film coefficient when the water velocity is 1 ft/s (based on water-side area),

(c) Value of h_do for the scale in the fouled tube, assuming the clean tube was free of deposit.

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-11 0.00092 + 0.00040+ 2680 2681/08 fouled tube clean tube