The following policies and phenomena affected labor markets over the last three decades. Explain the likely effect of each on the NAIRU:
a. Unemployment insurance became subject to taxation.
b. Funds for training programs for unemployed workers were cut sharply by the federal government.
c. The fraction of the workforce in labor unions fell sharply.
d. The welfare-reform act of 1996 sharply reduced payments to low-income families and required them to work if they were to receive government payments.