Why were the respective strategies of General Motors and Swissair not challenged more effectively well before they

Question:

Why were the respective strategies of General Motors and Swissair not challenged more effectively well before they failed? (It may help here to consider the identity of their main and their respective beliefs and interests).
Stakeholders
A person, group or organization that has interest or concern in an organization. Stakeholders can affect or be affected by the organization's actions, objectives and policies. Some examples of key stakeholders are creditors, directors, employees,...