All Matches
Solution Library
Expert Answer
Textbooks
Search Textbook questions, tutors and Books
Oops, something went wrong!
Change your search query and then try again
Toggle navigation
FREE Trial
S
Books
FREE
Tutors
Study Help
Expert Questions
Accounting
General Management
Mathematics
Finance
Organizational Behaviour
Law
Physics
Operating System
Management Leadership
Sociology
Programming
Marketing
Database
Computer Network
Economics
Textbooks Solutions
Accounting
Managerial Accounting
Management Leadership
Cost Accounting
Statistics
Business Law
Corporate Finance
Finance
Economics
Auditing
Ask a Question
Search
Search
Sign In
Register
study help
chemistry
organic chemistry
Questions and Answers of
Organic Chemistry
Isopropanol is prepared by reacting propylene (CH3CHCH2) with sulfuric acid, followed by treatment with water. (a) Show the sequence of steps leading to the product. What is the role of sulfuric
When a mixture of methane and bromine vapor is exposed to light, the following reaction occurs slowly: CH4(g) + Br2(g) → CH3Br(g) + HBr(g) Suggest a mechanism for this reaction. (Bromine vapor is
Under conditions of acid catalysis, alkenes react with water to form alcohols. As in the case with hydrogen halides, the addition reaction in the formation of alcohols is also governed by
2-Butanone can be reduced to 2-butanol by reagents such as lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4). (a) Write the formula of the product. Is it chiral? (b) In reality, the product does not exhibit optical
Write the structures of three alkenes that yield 2-methylbutane on hydrogenation.
An alcohol was converted to a carboxylic acid with acidic potassium dichromate. A 4.46-g sample of the acid was added to 50.0 mL of 2.27 M NaOH and the excess NaOH required 28.7 mL of 1.86 M HCl for
Write the structural formulas of the alcohols with the formula C6H13O and indicate those that are chiral. Show only the C atoms and the -OH groups.
Fat and oil are names for the same class of compounds, called triglycerides, which contain three ester groupswhere R, Rʹ, and Rʹʹ represent long hydrocarbon chains.(a) Suggest a reaction
Deduce plausible monomers for polymers with the following repeating units:(a)(b)
Deduce plausible monomers for polymers with the following repeating units: (a) -(CH2-CH=CH-CH2)-n (b) -(CO-(CH2)-6NH)-n
Draw the structures of the dipeptides that can be formed from the reaction between the amino acids glycine and lysine.
The amino acid glycine can be condensed to form a polymer called polyglycine. Draw the repeating monomer unit.
The following are data obtained on the rate of product formation of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction: Rate of Product Temperature (8C) Formation (M/s) 10......................................
Discuss the importance of hydrogen bonding in biological systems. Use proteins and nucleic acids as examples.
Proteins vary widely in structure, whereas nucleic acids have rather uniform structures. How do you account for this major difference?
If untreated, fevers of 104°F or higher may lead to brain damage. Why?
The "melting point" of a DNA molecule is the temperature at which the double-helical strand breaks apart. Suppose you are given two DNA samples. One sample contains 45 percent C-G base pairs while
When fruits such as apples and pears are cut, the exposed parts begin to turn brown. This is the result of an oxidation reaction catalyzed by enzymes present in the fruit. Often the browning action
"Dark meat" and "white meat" are one's choices when eating a turkey. Explain what causes the meat to assume different colors. (The more active muscles in a turkey have a higher rate of metabolism and
Nylon can be destroyed easily by strong acids. Explain the chemical basis for the destruction. (The products are the starting materials of the polymerization reaction.)
Despite what you may have read in science fiction novels or seen in horror movies, it is extremely unlikely that insects can ever grow to human size. Why? (Insects do not have hemoglobin molecules in
How many different tripeptides can be formed by lysine and alanine?
Chemical analysis shows that hemoglobin contains 0.34 percent Fe by mass. What is the minimum possible molar mass of hemoglobin? The actual molar mass of hemoglobin is four times this minimum value.
The folding of a polypeptide chain depends not only on its amino acid sequence but also on the nature of the solvent. Discuss the types of interactions that might occur between water molecules and
Draw structures of the nucleotides containing the following components: (a) Deoxyribose and cytosine, (b) Ribose and uracil.
When a nonapeptide (containing nine amino acid residues) isolated from rat brains was hydrolyzed, it gave the following smaller peptides as identifi able products: Gly-Ala-Phe, Ala-Leu-Val,
At neutral pH amino acids exist as dipolar ions. Using glycine as an example, and given that the pKa of the carboxyl group is 2.3 and that of the ammonium group is 9.6, predict the predominant form
Nylon was designed to be a synthetic silk. (a) The average molar mass of a batch of nylon 66 is 12,000 g/mol. How many monomer units are there in this sample? (b) Which part of nylon's structure is
The enthalpy change in the denaturation of a certain protein is 125 kJ/mol. If the entropy change is 397 J/K ? mol, calculate the minimum temperature at which the protein would denature spontaneously
When deoxyhemoglobin crystals are exposed to oxygen, they shatter. On the other hand, deoxymyoglobin crystals are unaffected by oxygen. Explain. (Myoglobin is made up of only one of the four
In protein synthesis, the selection of a particular amino acid is determined by the so-called genetic code, or a sequence of three bases in DNA. Will a sequence of only two bases unambiguously
Consider the fully protonated amino acid valine:where the numbers denote the pKa values. (b) Calculate the predominant form of valine at pH 1.0, 7.0, and 12.0. (c) Calculate the isoelectric point of
Consider the formation of a dimeric protein 2P → P2 At 25°C, we have ∆H° 5 17 kJ/mol and ∆S° 5 65 J/K ? mol. Is the dimerization favored at this temperature? Comment on the effect of
The diagram (left) below shows the structure of the enzyme ribonuclease in its native form. The threedimensional protein structure is maintained in part by the disulfi de bonds (-S-S-) between the
Tefl on is formed by a radical addition reaction involving the monomer tetrafl uoroethylene. Show the mechanism for this reaction.
Vinyl chloride, H2CPCHCl, undergoes copolymerization with 1,1-dichloroethylene, H2CPCCl2, to form a polymer commercially known as Saran. Draw the structure of the polymer, showing the repeating
Kevlar is a copolymer used in bullet-proof vests. It is formed in a condensation reaction between the following two monomers:Sketch a portion of the polymer chain showing several monomer units. Write
Oxygen has three isotopes with mass numbers of 16, 17, and 18. The atomic number of oxygen is eight. How many protons and neutrons does each of the isotopes have?
Draw the Lewis structure for each of the following: a. NO3- b. NO2+ c. NO2- d. CO2 e. HCO3- f. N2 g. CH3NH3+ h. +C2H5 i. -CH3 j. NaOH k. NH4Cl l. Na2CO3
a. Draw two Lewis structures for C2H6O. b. Draw three Lewis structures for C3H8O.
Expand the following condensed structures to show the covalent bonds and lone-pair electrons: a. CH3NHCH2CH3 b. (CH3)2CHCl c. (CH3)2CHCHO d. (CH3)3C(CH2)3CH(CH3)2
Predict whether or not He2+ exists.
Indicate the kind of molecular orbital (Ï, Ï*, Ï, or Ï*) that results when the orbitals are combined as indicated:a.b. c. d.
The bond angles in H3O+ are greater than __________ and less than __________.
a. Predict the relative lengths and strengths of the bonds in Cl2 and Br2. b. Predict the relative lengths and strengths of the bonds in HF, HCl, and HBr.
Potassium has an atomic number of 19 and one unpaired electron. What orbital does the unpaired electron occupy?
Which of the bonds of a carbon-carbon double bond has more effective orbital-orbital overlap, the σ bond or the π bond?
Why would you expect a C--C σ bond formed sp2-sp2 by overlap to be stronger than a σ bond formed by sp3-sp3 overlap?
a. What is the hybridization of each of the carbon atoms in the following compound?b. What is the hybridization of each of the carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms in the following compounds?
Describe the orbitals used in bonding and the bond angles in the following compounds. a. BeH2 b. BH3 c. CCl4 d. CO2 e. HCOOH f. N2
Account for the difference in the shape and color of the potential maps for ammonia and the ammonium ion in Section 1.12.
Which of the following molecules would you expect to have a dipole moment of zero? To answer parts g and h, you may need to consult your answers to Problem 23 a and b. a. CH3CH3 b. H2C==O c.
a. Draw the conjugate acid of each of the following: (1) NH3 (2) Cl- (3) HO- (4) H2O b. Draw the conjugate base of each of the following: (1) NH3 (2) HBr (3) HNO3 (4) H2O
a. Write an equation showing CH3OH reacting as an acid with NH3 and an equation showing it reacting as a base with HCl.b. Write an equation showing NH3 reacting as an acid with HO- and an equation
a. Which is a stronger acid, one with a pKa of 5.2 or one with a pKa of 5.8? b. Which is a stronger acid, one with an acid dissociation constant of 3.4 × 10-3 or one with an acid dissociation
An acid has a Ka of 4.53 × 10-6 in water. What is its Keq? ([H2O] = 55.5 M)
Write electronic configurations for chlorine (atomic number 17), bromine (atomic number 35), and iodine (atomic number 53).
a. For each of the acid-base reactions in Section 1.17, compare the pKa values of the acids on either side of the equilibrium arrows and convince yourself that the position of equilibrium is in the
a. Which is a stronger base, CH3COO- or HCOO-? (The pKa of CH3COOH is 4.8; the pKa of HCOOH is 3.8.) b. Which is a stronger base, HO- or NH2? (The pKa of H2O is 15.7; the pKa of NH3 is 36.) c.
Using the pKa values in Section 1.17, rank the following species in order of decreasing base strength:
Calculate the equilibrium constant for the acid-base reactions between the following pairs of reactants.a. HCl + H2Ob. CH3COOH + H2Oc. CH3NH2 + H2O
For each of the following compounds, indicate which is the stronger acid:a. CH3OCH2CH2OH or CH3CH2CH2CH2OHb.c. CH3OCH2CH2CH2OH or CH3CH2OCH2CH2OH d.
List the following compounds in order of decreasing acidity:
For each of the following compounds, indicate which is the stronger base:a.b. c. d.
a. Which is more electronegative, oxygen or sulfur? b. Which is a stronger acid, H2O or H2S? c. Which is a stronger acid, CH3OH or CH3SH?
Compare the ground-state electronic configurations of the following atoms, and check the relative positions of the atoms in Table 1.3 on p. 10.a. Carbon and siliconb. Oxygen and sulfurc. Fluorine and
Using the table pKa of values given in Appendix II, answer the following:a. Which is the most acidic organic compound in the table?b. Which is the least acidic organic compound in the table?c. Which
Which compound would you expect to be a stronger acid? Why?
Draw resonance contributors for the following compounds:a.b.
a. At what pH will 99% of a compound with a pKa of 8.4 be in its basic form? b. At what pH will 91% of a compound with a pKa of 3.7 be in its acidic form? c. At what pH will 9% of a compound with a
a. Indicate whether a carboxylic acid (RCOOH) with a pKa of 5 will be mostly charged or mostly neutral in solutions with the following pH values:1. pH = 12. pH = 33. pH = 54. pH = 75. pH = 96. pH =
For each compound in 1 and 2, indicate the pH at whicha. 50% of the compound will be in a form that possesses a charge.b. More than 99% of the compound will be in a form that possesses a charge.1.
For each of the following compounds, shown in their acidic forms, draw the form in which it will predominate in a solution of pH = 7:a. CH3COOH (pKa = 4.76)c. H3O+ (pKa 1.7)d. CH3CHOH (pKa 15.9)g.
What is the product of each of the following reactions?a. ZnCl2 + CH3OH b. FeBr3 + Br- c. AlCl3 + Cl- d.
Show how each of the following compounds reacts with HO-:a. CH3OHb. +NH4d. BF3 e. +CH3 f. FeBr3 g. AlCl3 h. CH3COOH
Which of the following has a. The most polar bond? b. The least polar bond? NaI LiBr Cl2 KCl
Draw a Lewis structure for each of the following species: a. H2CO3 b. CO32- c. H2CO d. N2H4 e. CH3NH2 f. CH3N2+ g. CO2 h. NO+ i. H2NO-
Give the hybridization of the central atom of each of the following species, and tell whether the bond arrangement around it is linear, trigonal planar, or tetrahedral: a. NH3 b. BH3 c. -CH3 d.
Draw the condensed structure of a compound that contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms and that has a. Three sp3 hybridized carbons. b. One sp3 hybridized carbon and two sp2 hybridized carbons. c.
Predict the indicated bond angles:a. The C--N--H bond angle in (CH3)2NHb. The C--N--C bond angle in (CH3)2NHd. The C-O-C bond angle in CH3OCH3 e. The C--O--H bond angle in CH3OH f. The H--C--H bond
Give each atom the appropriate formal charge:a.b.c.d.e.f.g.h.
Draw the ground-state electronic configuration for: a. Ca b. Ca2+ c. Ar d. Mg2+
Write the Kekulé structure for each of the following compounds: a. CH3CHO b. CH3OCH3 c. CH3COOH d. (CH3)3COH e. CH3CH(OH)CH2CN f. (CH3)2CHCH(CH3)CH2C(CH3)3
Show the direction of the dipole moment in each of the following bonds (use the electronegativities given in Table 1.3):a. CH3--Brb. CH3--Lic. HO--NH2d. I--Bre. CH3--OHf. (CH3)2N--H
What is the hybridization of the indicated atom in each of the following molecules?a.b. c. d. e. f.
a. Which of the indicated bonds in each molecule is shorter?b. Indicate the hybridization of the C, O, and N atoms in each of the molecules.1.2. 3. 4. 5.
After examining the potential maps for LiH, HF, and H2, answer the following questions: a. Which compounds are polar? b. Why does LiH have the largest hydrogen? c. Which compound has the most
For each of the following compounds, draw the form in which it will predominate at pH = 3, pH = 6, pH = 10, and pH = 14:a.b. c.
Which of the following molecules have tetrahedral bond angles? H2O H3O+ +CH3 BF3 NH3 +NH4 -CH3
Do the sp2 hybridized carbons and the indicated atoms lie in the same plane?
Give the products of the following acid-base reactions, and indicate whether reactants or products are favored at equilibrium (use pKa the values that are given in Section 1.17):a.b. c. d.
For each of the following molecules, indicate the hybridization of each carbon atom and give the approximate values of all the bond angles: a. CH3C≡≡CH b. CH3CH==CH2 c. CH3CH2CH3
a. Estimate the pKa value of each of the following acids without using a calculator (i.e., between 3 and 4, between 9 and 10, etc.): 1. Nitrous acid (HNO2), Ka = 4.0 × 10-4 2. Nitric acid (HNO3), Ka
a. List the following carboxylic acids in order of decreasing acidity:1.2. 3. 4. b. How does the presence of an electronegative substituent such as Cl affect the acidity of a carboxylic acid? c. How
Draw a Lewis structure for each of the following species: a. CH3N2+ b. CH2N2 c. N3- d. N2O (arranged NNO)
a. For each of the following pairs of reactions, indicate which one has the more favorable equilibrium constant (that is, which one most favors products):1.2. b. Which of the four reactions has the
The following compound has two isomers: ClCH==CHCl One isomer has a dipole moment of 0 D, and the other has a dipole moment of 2.95 D. Propose structures for the two isomers that are consistent with
Knowing that pH + pOH = 14 and that the concentration of water in a solution of water is 55.5 M, show that the pKa of water is 15.7.
Water and diethyl ether are immiscible liquids. Charged compounds dissolve in water, and uncharged compounds dissolve in ether.a. What pH would you make the water layer in order to cause both
How could you separate a mixture of the following compounds? The reagents available to you are water, ether, 1.0 M HCl, and 1.0 M NaOH.
Showing 13500 - 13600
of 15575
First
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
Last