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statistics
Questions and Answers of
Statistics
A published report of a repeated-measures research study includes the following description of the statistical analysis. "The results show significant differences among the treatment conditions, F(2,
The following data were obtained from a repeated measures study comparing three treatment conditions. Use a repeated-measures ANOVA with α = .05 to determine whether there are significant mean
The following data were obtained from a repeated measures study comparing two treatment conditions. Use a repeated-measures ANOVA with α = .05 to determine whether there are significant mean
The following data were obtained from a repeated measures study comparing three treatment conditions.a. Use a repeated-measures ANOVA with α = .05 to determine whether there are significant mean
Define each of the following terms: a. Factor b. Level c. Two-factor study
The following results are from an independent-measures, two-factor study with n = 5 participants in each treatment condition.a. Use a two-factor ANOVA with α = .05 to evaluate the main effects and
A researcher conducts an independent-measures, two-factor study with two levels of factor A and three levels of factor B, using a sample of n = 12 participants in each treatment condition. a. What
Most sports injuries are immediate and obvious, like a broken leg. However, some can be more subtle, like the neurological damage that may occur when soccer players repeatedly head a soccer ball. To
Some people like to pour beer gently down the side of the glass to preserve bubbles. Others splash it down the center to release the bubbles into a foamy head and free the aromas. Champagne, however
The following table summarizes the results from a two-factor study with 2 levels of factor A and 3 levels of factor B using a separate sample of n = 8 participants in each treatment condition. Fill
The following table summarizes the results from a two-factor study with 3 levels of factor A and 3 levels of factor B using a separate sample of n = 9 participants in each treatment condition. Fill
The Preview section for this chapter described a two factor study examining performance under two audience conditions (factor B) for high and low self-esteem participants (factor A). The following
The following table summarizes the results from a two-factor study with 2 levels of factor A and 3 levels of factor B using a separate sample of n = 11 participants in each treatment condition. Fill
The following data are from a two-factor study examining the effects of two treatment conditions on males and females.a. Use an ANOVA with = .05 for all tests to evaluate the significance of the main
The following data are from a two-factor study examining the effects of three treatment conditions on males and females.a. Use an ANOVA with = α .05 for all tests to evaluate the significance of
The structure of a two-factor study can be presented as a matrix with the levels of one factor determining the rows and the levels of the second factor determining the columns. With this structure in
Mathematics word problems can be particularly difficult, especially for primary-grade children. A recent study investigated a combination of techniques for teaching students to master these problems
In Chapter 12 (p. 432), we described a study reporting that college students who are on Facebook (or have it running in the background) while studying had lower grades than students who did not use
In Chapter 11, we described a research study in which the color red appeared to increase men's attraction to women (Elliot & Niesta, 2008). The same researchers have published other results
In the Preview section of this chapter, we presented an experiment that examined the effect of an audience on the performance of two different personality types. Data from this experiment are as
Briefly explain what happens during the second stage of the two-factor ANOVA. Discuss.
For the data in the following matrix:a. Which two means are compared to describe the treatment main effect? b. Which two means are compared to describe the gender main effect? c. Is there an
The following matrix presents the results from an independent-measures, two-factor study with a sample of n = 10 participants in each treatment condition. Note that one treatment mean is missing.a.
The following matrix presents the results of a two factor study with n = 10 scores in each of the six treatment conditions. Note that one of the treatment means is missing.a. What value for the
For the data in the following graph:a. Is there a main effect for the treatment factor?b. Is there a main effect for the age factor?c. Is there an interaction between age and treatment?
A researcher conducts an independent-measures, two-factor study using a separate sample of n = 15 participants in each treatment condition. The results are evaluated using an ANOVA and the researcher
The following results are from an independent measures, two-factor study with n = 10 participants in each treatment condition.a. Use a two-factor ANOVA with α = .05 to evaluate the main effects
Recent research indicates that the effectiveness of antidepressant medication is directly related to the severity of the depression (Khan, Brodhead, Kolts, & Brown, 2005). Based on pre-treatment
Loss of hearing can be a significant problem for older adults. Although hearing aids can correct the physical problem, people who have lived with hearing impairment often develop poor communication
Briefly describe what is meant by an interaction between factors in a two-factor research study.
A recent study of driving behavior suggests that self reported measures of high driving skills and low ratings of safety skills create a dangerous combination (Sümer, Özkan, & Lajunen,
What information is provided by the sign (+ or -) of the Pearson correlation?
For the following set of scores,a. Compute the Pearson correlation. b. Add 2 points to each X value and compute the correlation for the modified scores. How does adding a constant to every score
Correlation studies are often used to help determine whether certain characteristics are controlled more by genetic influences or by environmental influences. These studies often examine adopted
Judge and Cable (2010) report the results of a study demonstrating a negative relationship between weight and income for a group of women professionals. Following are data similar to those obtained
The researchers cited in the previous problem also examined the weight/salary relationship for men and found a positive relationship, suggesting that we have very different standards for men than for
Identifying individuals with a high risk of Alzheimer's disease usually involves a long series of cognitive tests. However, researchers have developed a 7-Minute Screen, which is a quick and easy way
Assuming a two-tailed test with α = .05, how large a correlation is needed to be statistically significant for each of the following samples? a. A sample of n = 8 b. A sample of n = 18 c. A sample
As we have noted in previous chapters, even a very small effect can be significant if the sample is large enough. For each of the following, determine how large a sample is necessary for the
A researcher measures three variables, X, Y, and Z, for each individual in a sample of n = 25. The Pearson correlations for this sample are rXY = 0.8, rXZ = 0.6, and rYZ = 0.7. a. Find the partial
A researcher records the annual number of serious crimes and the amount spent on crime prevention for several small towns, medium cities, and large cities across the country. The resulting data show
A common concern for students (and teachers) is the assignment of grades for essays or term papers. Because there are no absolute right or wrong answers, these grades must be based on a judgment of
What information is provided by the numerical value of the Pearson correlation?
It appears that there is a significant relationship between cognitive ability and social status, at least for birds. Boogert, Reader, and Laland (2006) measured social status and individual learning
Problem 12 presented data showing a negative relationship between weight and income for a sample of working women. However, weight was coded in five categories, which could be viewed as an ordinal
Problem 22 in Chapter 10 presented data showing that mature soccer players, who have a history of hitting soccer balls with their heads, had significantly lower cognitive scores than mature swimmers,
Problem 14 in Chapter 10 described a study by Rozin, Bauer, and Cantanese (2003) comparing attitudes toward eating for male and female college students. The results showed that females are much more
Studies have shown that people with high intelligence are generally more likely to volunteer as participants in research, but not for research that involves unusual experiences such as hypnosis. To
Calculate SP (the sum of products of deviations) for the following scores. Note: Both means are whole numbers, so the definitional formula works well
Calculate SP (the sum of products of deviations) for the following scores. Note: Both means are decimal values, so the computational formula works well.
For the following scores,a. Sketch a scatter plot showing the six data points. b. Just looking at the scatter plot, estimate the value of the Pearson correlation. c. Compute the Pearson correlation.
For the following scores,a. Sketch a scatter plot and estimate the Pearson correlation. b. Compute the Pearson correlation.
For the following scores,a. Sketch a scatter plot and estimate the Pearson correlation.b. Compute the Pearson correlation.
For the following scores,a. Sketch a scatter plot and estimate the value of the Pearson correlation. b. Compute the Pearson correlation.
With a small sample, a single point can have a large effect on the magnitude of the correlation. To create the following data, we started with the scores from problem 8 and changed the first X value
Sketch a graph showing the line for the equation Y = -2X + 4. On the same graph, show the line for Y = X - 4.
For the following scores,a. Find the regression equation for predicting Y from X.b. Calculate the predicted Y value for each X.
Problem 12 in Chapter 15 examined the relationship between weight and income for a sample of n = 10 women. Weights were classified in five categories and had a mean of M = 3 with SS = 20. Income,
A professor obtains SAT scores and freshman grade point averages (GPAs) for a group of n = 15 college students. The SAT scores have a mean of M = 580 with SS = 22,400, and the GPAs have a mean of
Problem 14 in Chapter 15 described a study examining the effectiveness of a 7-Minute Screen test for Alzheimer's disease. The study evaluated the relationship between scores from the 7-Minute Screen
There appears to be some evidence suggesting that earlier retirement may lead to memory decline (Rohwedder & Willis, 2010). The researchers gave a memory test to men and women aged 60 to 64 years
The regression equation is computed for a set of n = 18 pairs of X and Y values with a correlation of r = +80 and SSY = 100. a. Find the standard error of estimate for the regression equation. b. How
a. One set of 20 pairs of scores, X and Y values, produces a correlation of r = 0.70. If SSY = 150, find the standard error of estimate for the regression line. b. A second set of 20 pairs of X and Y
a. A researcher computes the regression equation for a sample of n = 25 pairs of scores, X and Y values. If an analysis of regression is used to test the significance of the equation, what are the df
For the following data:a. Find the regression equation for predicting Y from X.b. Use the regression equation to find a predicted Y for each X.c. Find the difference between the actual Y value and
A multiple-regression equation with two predictor variables produces R2 = .22. a. If SSY = 20 for a sample of n = 18 individuals, does the equation predict a significant portion of the variance for
The regression equation is intended to be the "best fitting" straight line for a set of data. What is the criterion for "best fitting"?
A researcher obtained the following multiple regression equation using two predictor variables: Ŷ = 0.5X1 + 4.5X2 + 9.6. Given that SSY = 210, the SP value for X1 and Y is 40, and the SP value for
In Chapter 15 (p. 531), we presented an example showing the general relationship among the number of churches, the number of serious crimes, and the population for a set of cities. At that time, we
Problem 11 in Chapter 15 examined the TV-viewing habits of adopted children in relation to their biological parents and their adoptive parents. The data are reproduced as follows. If both the
For the data in problem 22, the correlation between the children's scores and the biological parents' scores is r = 0.709. Does adding the adoptive parents' scores as a second predictor significantly
For the following data, find the multiple-regression equation for predicting Y from X1 and X2.SPX1X2 = 18 SPX1Y = 19 SPX2Y = 21
A researcher evaluates the significance of a multiple regression equation and obtains an F-ratio with df = 2, 36. How many participants were in the sample?
A set of n = 20 pairs of scores (X and Y values) has SSX = 16, SSY = 100, and SP = 32. If the mean for the X values is MX = 6 and the mean for the Y values is MY = 20. a. Calculate the Pearson
A set of n = 25 pairs of scores (X and Y values) produces a regression equation of Ŷ = 3X = 2. Find the predicted Y value for each of the following X scores: 0, 1, 3, -2.
Briefly explain what is measured by the standard error of estimate.
In general, how is the magnitude of the standard error of estimate related to the value of the correlation?
For the following set of data, find the linear regression equation for predicting Y from X:
For the following data:a. Find the regression equation for predicting Y from X.b. Calculate the Pearson correlation for these data.Use r2 and SSY to compute SSresidual and the standard error of
Does the regression equation from problem 8 account for a significant portion of the variance in the Y scores? Use α = .05 to evaluate the F-ratio.
Parametric tests (such as t or ANOVA) differ from nonparametric tests (such as chi square) primarily in terms of the assumptions they require and the data they use. Explain these differences.
The color red is often associated with anger and male dominance. Based on this observation, Hill and Barton (2005) monitored the outcome of four combat sports (boxing, tae kwan do, Greco-Roman
A communications company has developed three new designs for a cell phone. To evaluate consumer response, a sample of 120 college students is selected and each student is given all three phones to
In problem 11, a researcher asked college students to evaluate three new cell phone designs. However, the researcher suspects that college students may have criteria that are different from those
Research suggests that romantic background music increases the likelihood that a woman will give her phone number to a man she has just met (Guéguen & Jacoby, 2010). In the study, women
Mulvihill, Obuseh, and Caldwell (2008) conducted a survey evaluating healthcare providers' perception of a new state children's insurance program. One question Romantic Music Neutral Music asked the
A local county is considering a budget proposal that would allocate extra funding toward the renovation of city parks. A survey is conducted to measure public opinion concerning the proposal. A total
The data from problem 15 show no significant difference between the opinions for city residents and those who live in the suburbs. To construct the following data, we simply doubled the sample size
In the Preview for this chapter, we discussed a study investigating the relationship between memory for eyewitnesses and the questions they are asked (Loftus & Palmer, 1974). In the study,
In a study investigating freshman weight gain, the researchers also looked at gender differences in weight (Kasparek, Corwin, Valois, Sargent, & Morris, 2008). Using self reported heights and
Research results suggest that IQ scores for boys are more variable than IQ scores for girls (Arden & Plomin, 2006). A typical study looking at 10-year-old children classifies participants by
The student population at the state college consists of 55% females and 45% males. a. The college theater department recently staged a production of a modern musical. A researcher recorded the gender
Gender differences in dream content are well documented (see Winget & Kramer, 1979). Suppose a researcher studies aggression content in the dreams of men and women. Each participant reports his
In a study similar to one conducted by Fallon and Rozin (1985), a psychologist prepared a set of silhouettes showing different female body shapes ranging from somewhat thin to somewhat heavy and
A recent study indicates that people tend to select video game avatars with characteristics similar to those of their creators (Bélisle & Onur, 2010). Participants who had created avatars for a
Research indicates that people who volunteer to participate in research studies tend to have higher intelligence than nonvolunteers. To test this phenomenon, a researcher obtains a sample of 200 high
Cialdini, Reno, and Kallgren (1990) examined how people conform to norms concerning littering. The researchers wanted to determine whether a person's tendency to litter depended on the amount of
Although the phenomenon is not well understood, it appears that people born during the winter months are slightly more likely to develop schizophrenia than people born at other times (Bradbury &
A developmental psychologist would like to determine whether infants display any color preferences. A stimulus consisting of four color patches (red, green, blue, and yellow) is projected onto the
Data from the department of motor vehicles indicate that 80% of all licensed drivers are older than age 25. a. In a sample of n = 60 people who recently received speeding tickets, 38 were older than
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