A steel punch consists of two shafts: upper shaft and lower shaft. Assume that the upper shaft has a diameter d₁ = 24 mm and the bottom shaft has a diameter d₂ =16 mm. The punch is used to insert a hole in a 4 mm plate, as shown in the figure. If a force P = 70 kN is required to create the hole, what is the average shear stress in the plate and the average compressive stress in the upper and lower shaft of the punch?

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