For the next several questions, refer to Figure 1. As a quick and overly simplistic biology...
Fantastic news! We've Found the answer you've been seeking!
Question:
Transcribed Image Text:
For the next several questions, refer to Figure 1. As a quick and overly simplistic biology review, note the following information. The genetic makeup of our chromosomes (i.e., the genotype) impacts our physical characteristics (or more precisely, the phenotype). Genetically, males have an X chromosome and a Y chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes. When a couple has a child, we'll assume the father is equally likely to pass along his X or his Y chromosome to the child. We'll also assume that the mother is equally likely to pass along either of her X chromosomes. For an X-recessive characteristic (phenotype), all X chromosomes must have the recessive genotype. XY 88 X-linked recessive inheritance unaffected father 20 XY unaffected son XX unaffected. daughter unaffected carrier mother camer carrier daughter XX XX XY affected son affected FIGURE 1. XlinkRecessive.jpg: National Institutes of Health derivative work: Drsrisenthil - XlinkRe cessive.jpg, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid-12046961, ac cessed 23 August 2016 for the person's phenotype to be affected. Because males have only one X chromosome, which is from one of the mother's two X chromosomes, they will either be affected or not, depending on what they inherit from their mother. However, because females have two X chromosomes-one from their mother and one from their father-there are three possibilities for a female-neither X chromosome has the recessive characteristic, exactly one X chromosome has the recessive characteristic, or both X chromosomes have the recessive characteristic. These three possibilities are referred to in Figure 1 as Unaffected, Carrier, and Affected, respectively. A carrier, while not affected, has the ability to pass along the recessive characteristic to her offspring. In the following questions, we will use the convention of writing X for any X-chromosome that exhibits the dominant genotype and z for any X-chromosome that exhibits the recessive genotype. Assume in the entire population of males, 20% are affected. Assume that for females, 64% are completely unaffected (i.e., XX), 32% are carriers (ie., Xx-one of each), and the remainder are affected. As stated previously, assume both of the mother's X chromosomes (whether recessive, dominant, or one of each) are equally likely to be the X chromosome passed to her child, and that the father is equally likely to pass his X chromosome or his Y chromosome to his child. Finally, the recessive characteristic does not noticeably affect the quality of a person's life, and thus we will assume it does not affect a couple's decision to have children. We will also assume that the characteristic is independent of mate selection. (1) The sample space for a child's genotype is S = (XY.Y. XX. X,zz). What is the sample space for the genotype if we restrict attention to females? (2) If we randomly sample one female from among all of the females in the population, what is the probability that she is affected? (3) Continuing the previous question (2), what is the probability that a randomly selected female would have the dominant phenotype (that is, is not affected, whether she is a carrier or not)? (4) Consider a couple for which the father is unaffected and the mother is a carrier. What is the probability that the couple (a) gives birth to a female? (b) gives birth to a carrier female? (c) gives birth to an affected female? (d) gives birth to an affected male? (e) gives birth to an unaffected male? (f) gives birth to an affected child [hint: use the law of total probability]? (5) Now, we'll make it a little more interesting. For all parts of this next problem, assume that the father is known to be unaffected, but all that is known about the mother is that she has the dominant phenotype (she may be either a carrier or unaffected). (a) What is the probability that the mother is a carrier (given that we know she is not zz)? (b) What is the probability that the couple's first child will be an affected male (i.e., Y)? (e) What is the probability that the couple's first child will be an unaffected male (i.e., XY)? (d) Given that the couple's first child is an affected male, what is the probability that the mother is a carrier? (e) Given that the couple's first child is an unaffected male, what is the probability that the mother is a carrier? (f) Given that the couple's first three children are an unaffected male, a female without the recessive pheno- type (ie, she is either Xz or XX), and then another unaffected male, what is the probability that the mother is a carrier? For the next several questions, refer to Figure 1. As a quick and overly simplistic biology review, note the following information. The genetic makeup of our chromosomes (i.e., the genotype) impacts our physical characteristics (or more precisely, the phenotype). Genetically, males have an X chromosome and a Y chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes. When a couple has a child, we'll assume the father is equally likely to pass along his X or his Y chromosome to the child. We'll also assume that the mother is equally likely to pass along either of her X chromosomes. For an X-recessive characteristic (phenotype), all X chromosomes must have the recessive genotype. XY 88 X-linked recessive inheritance unaffected father 20 XY unaffected son XX unaffected. daughter unaffected carrier mother camer carrier daughter XX XX XY affected son affected FIGURE 1. XlinkRecessive.jpg: National Institutes of Health derivative work: Drsrisenthil - XlinkRe cessive.jpg, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid-12046961, ac cessed 23 August 2016 for the person's phenotype to be affected. Because males have only one X chromosome, which is from one of the mother's two X chromosomes, they will either be affected or not, depending on what they inherit from their mother. However, because females have two X chromosomes-one from their mother and one from their father-there are three possibilities for a female-neither X chromosome has the recessive characteristic, exactly one X chromosome has the recessive characteristic, or both X chromosomes have the recessive characteristic. These three possibilities are referred to in Figure 1 as Unaffected, Carrier, and Affected, respectively. A carrier, while not affected, has the ability to pass along the recessive characteristic to her offspring. In the following questions, we will use the convention of writing X for any X-chromosome that exhibits the dominant genotype and z for any X-chromosome that exhibits the recessive genotype. Assume in the entire population of males, 20% are affected. Assume that for females, 64% are completely unaffected (i.e., XX), 32% are carriers (ie., Xx-one of each), and the remainder are affected. As stated previously, assume both of the mother's X chromosomes (whether recessive, dominant, or one of each) are equally likely to be the X chromosome passed to her child, and that the father is equally likely to pass his X chromosome or his Y chromosome to his child. Finally, the recessive characteristic does not noticeably affect the quality of a person's life, and thus we will assume it does not affect a couple's decision to have children. We will also assume that the characteristic is independent of mate selection. (1) The sample space for a child's genotype is S = (XY.Y. XX. X,zz). What is the sample space for the genotype if we restrict attention to females? (2) If we randomly sample one female from among all of the females in the population, what is the probability that she is affected? (3) Continuing the previous question (2), what is the probability that a randomly selected female would have the dominant phenotype (that is, is not affected, whether she is a carrier or not)? (4) Consider a couple for which the father is unaffected and the mother is a carrier. What is the probability that the couple (a) gives birth to a female? (b) gives birth to a carrier female? (c) gives birth to an affected female? (d) gives birth to an affected male? (e) gives birth to an unaffected male? (f) gives birth to an affected child [hint: use the law of total probability]? (5) Now, we'll make it a little more interesting. For all parts of this next problem, assume that the father is known to be unaffected, but all that is known about the mother is that she has the dominant phenotype (she may be either a carrier or unaffected). (a) What is the probability that the mother is a carrier (given that we know she is not zz)? (b) What is the probability that the couple's first child will be an affected male (i.e., Y)? (e) What is the probability that the couple's first child will be an unaffected male (i.e., XY)? (d) Given that the couple's first child is an affected male, what is the probability that the mother is a carrier? (e) Given that the couple's first child is an unaffected male, what is the probability that the mother is a carrier? (f) Given that the couple's first three children are an unaffected male, a female without the recessive pheno- type (ie, she is either Xz or XX), and then another unaffected male, what is the probability that the mother is a carrier?
Expert Answer:
Answer rating: 100% (QA)
1 Since the sample space for S XY NY XX Xx xx 3 Then the sample space for the female genotype is S X... View the full answer
Related Book For
Posted Date:
Students also viewed these biology questions
-
The Crazy Eddie fraud may appear smaller and gentler than the massive billion-dollar frauds exposed in recent times, such as Bernie Madoffs Ponzi scheme, frauds in the subprime mortgage market, the...
-
Refer to the XYZ Company case. Design a spreadsheet that will allow an analyst to predict the month in which the cash balance falls below zero, signaling a need to borrow money. The following...
-
The following questions refer to Figure 15. (a) How many critical points does f (x) have on [0, 8]? (b) What is the maximum value of f (x) on [0, 8]? (c) What are the local maximum values of f (x)?...
-
Engineers observe that about 90% of graphite samples fracture within five hours when subjected to a certain stress. (a) If the time to fracture is modeled with an exponential distribution, what would...
-
Ambers Flower Company was started in 2014 when it acquired $80,000 cash from the issue of common stock. The following data summarize the companys first three years operating activities. Assume that...
-
Enter the following items in the appropriate debtors' accounts (i.e. your customers' accounts) only; do not write up other accounts. Then balance-off each of these personal accounts at the end of the...
-
Fill in the Blank. If the mass matrix is derived by assuming point masses at node points, the resulting mass matrix is called ___________ mass matrix.
-
(Adjusting Entries) Karen Weller, D.D.S., opened a dental practice on January 1, 2005. During the first month of operations the following transactions occurred. 1. Performed services for patients who...
-
In recent years, Jayme Company has purchased three machines. Because of frequent employee turnover in the accounting department, a different accountant was in charge of selecting the depreciation...
-
Castergourd Home Products makes two types of butcher-block tables: the Beefeater and the Deutschlander. The two tables are made in the same facility and require the same amount of labor and...
-
Solve the following first order differential equation using Linear Method: dy cosh(x)- + (y sinh (x) xe*) = 0 dx
-
Would a high tax on oil significantly reduce the amount of pollution coming from the use of oil? Why or why not?
-
How would an economist likely respond to the statement There is no such thing as an acceptable level of pollution?
-
Is the marginal social benefit of a good that exhibits positive externalities greater or less than the private social benefit of that good? Why?
-
Change the recurring costs in Problem and Exercise 11 to $40,000 and redo the analysis. Problem and Exercise 11 Assume monetary benefits of an information system of $40,000 the first year and...
-
List the public-good aspects (if any) of the following goods: safety, street names, and a steak dinner.
-
4. Solve the following systems: (a) x + x2 + 2x3 = 8 - -x1 2x + 3x3 1 3x17x2 + 4x3 = 10 (b) x+y+z=3 4x + 4y + 4z = 7 3xy + 2z = 5
-
Charles owns an office building and land that are used in his trade or business. The office building and land were acquired in 1978 for $800,000 and $100,000, respectively. During the current year,...
-
Suppose the sensitivity of a test is .90. Give either the false positive or the false negative rate for the test, and explain which you are providing. Could you provide the other one without...
-
Suppose a defense attorney is trying to convince the jury that his clients wallet, found at the scene of the crime, was actually planted there by his clients gardener. Here are two possible ways he...
-
A pint of water weighs 1.04 pounds, so 1 pound of water is 0.96 pint. Suppose a merchant sells water in containers weighing 0.5 pound, but customers can fill them to their liking. It is easier to...
-
The tube is subjected to a torque of 750 N. m. Determine the amount of this torque that is resisted by the gray shaded section. Solve the problem two ways: (a) by using the torsion formula, (b) by...
-
The solid shaft has a diameter of 0.75 in. If it is subjected to the torques shown, determine the maximum shear stress developed in regions BC and DE of the shaft. The bearings at A and F allow free...
-
The solid shaft has a diameter of 0.75 in. If it is subjected to the torques shown, determine the maximum shear stress developed in regions CD and EF of the shaft. The bearings at A and F allow free...
Study smarter with the SolutionInn App