Questions and Answers of Statistical Reasoning For Everyday Life

Draw a rough sketch of a normal distribution. Do all normal distributions look the same?
Which of the following is likely to have a distribution that is closest to a normal distribution?a. The outcomes that occur when a single die is rolled many timesb. The outcomes occur when two dice
What is the 68-95-99.7 rule for normal distributions? Does it apply to other (not normal) distributions as well?
Do you think that comparisons of SAT scores over 2 years are meaningful? Over 10 years? Do you agree that the long-term trends indicate that students today have poorer verbal skills but better
When we refer to a “normal” distribution, does the word normal have the same meaning as it does in ordinary usage? Explain.
Which of the following statements are correct?a. A normal distribution is any distribution that typically occurs.b. The graph of a normal distribution is bell-shaped.c. The graph of a normal
What is a distribution of means (from a set of samples)?
Find three recent news articles that refer to some type of average. In each case, explain whether the average is a mean, a median, or some other type of average.
Cite three examples of averages that you deal with in your own life (such as grade point average or batting average). In each case, explain whether the average is a mean, a median, or some other type
Bin the data collected in Exercise 25 of Section 3.1. Then make a frequency table, and draw a histogram of the distribution. What is the mean of the distribution? What is the median of the
Read the article “The Median Isn’t the Message,” by Stephen Jay Gould, which you can find by searching for its title or an author on the Web. Write a few paragraphs in which you describe the
Many websites offer data on salaries in different careers. Find salary data for a career you are considering. What are the mean and median salaries for this career? How do these salaries compare with
Imagine taking a huge flat map of the United States and placing weights on it to represent where people live. The point at which the map would balance is called the mean center of population. Figure
Weighted Mean. In Exercises, find the mean of the data summarized in the frequency table by using the middle of each bin and the frequency for each bin. Also, compare the computed means to these the
Weighted Mean. In Exercises, find the mean of the data summarized in the frequency table by using the middle of each bin and the frequency for each bin. Also, compare the computed means to these the
Weighted Mean. In Exercises, find the mean of the data summarized in the frequency table by using the middle of each bin and the frequency for each bin. Also, compare the computed means to these the
Weighted Mean. In Exercises, find the mean of the data summarized in the frequency table by using the middle of each bin and the frequency for each bin. Also, compare the computed means to these the
Weighted Mean. In Exercises, find the mean of the data summarized in the frequency table by using the middle of each bin and the frequency for each bin. Also, compare the computed means to these the
A small company has six stockholders who vote on opening a new store. The number of shares owned and the vote of each stockholder are given in the table below. Does the new store receive a
Give an example of a real distribution that you would expect to be either right- or left-skewed. Make a rough sketch of the distribution; be sure to label the axes on your sketch.
Give an example of a real distribution that you expect to have three modes. Make a rough sketch of the distribution; be sure to label the axes on your sketch.
A small company has four stockholders who vote on a new advertising campaign. The number of shares owned and the vote of each stockholder are given in the table below. Does the new campaign receive a
A small company has four stockholders who vote on a new advertising campaign. The number of shares owned and the vote of each stockholder are given in the table below. Does the new campaign receive a
Find three recent examples in newspapers or news magazines of distributions shown as histograms or line charts. Over each distribution, draw a smooth curve that captures its general features. Then
Survey a sample of fellow students, asking each to indicate the last digit of her or his Social Security number. Also ask each participant to indicate the fifth digit. Draw one graph showing the
In one semester, a student completed the 14 credits listed1 in the table below. Grades are weighted as follows: A = 4.0;A = 3.7; B = 3.4; B = 3.0; B = 2.7. Find the student’sGPA
The IRS website provides statistics collected from tax returns on income, refunds, and much more. Choose a set of statistics from this website and study the distribution. Describe the distribution in
The website for the New York City marathon gives frequency data for finish times in the most recent marathon. Study the data, make a rough sketch of the distribution, and describe the shape of the
Ryan is taking an advanced math class in which exams are worth 70% of the final grade, homework is worth 20%, and quizzes are worth 10%. On a 100-point scale, his exam scores average 89.5, his
Find a news report concerning drug testing of athletes. Summarize how the testing is being used, and discuss whether the testing is reliable.
The ages of males when they were hospitalized because of myocardial infarctions (heart attacks)Describing Distributions. For each distribution described in Exercises, answer the following
Waiting times (in minutes) of customers at the Jefferson Valley Bank (where all customers enter a single waiting line) and the Bank of Providence (where customers wait in individual lines at three
Your course grade is based on one midterm that counts as 15% of your final grade, one class project that counts as 20% of your final grade, a set of homework assignments that counts as 40% of your
The net worth (in dollars) of female movie actorsDescribing Distributions. For each distribution described in Exercises, answer the following questions:a. How many modes would you expect for the
Investigate recommendations concerning routine screening for some type of cancer (for example, breast cancer, prostate cancer, or colon cancer). Explain how the accuracy of the screening test is
The ages of adults at the time of their deathDescribing Distributions. For each distribution described in Exercises, answer the following questions:a. How many modes would you expect for the
Explore the issue of drug testing either in the workplace or in athletic competitions. Discuss the legality of drug testing in these settings and the accuracy of the tests that are commonly conducted.
The ages of adults who visit the National Air and Space MuseumDescribing Distributions. For each distribution described in Exercises, answer the following questions:a. How many modes would you expect
Visit websites either opposing or supporting the use of polygraph tests. Summarize the arguments on both sides, specifically noting the role that false-negative rates play in the discussion.
The weights of 240 adult airline passengers, consisting of 80 females and 160 males.Describing Distributions. For each distribution described in Exercises, answer the following questions:a. How many
The speeds of drivers on a highway in Montana.Describing Distributions. For each distribution described in Exercises, answer the following questions:a. How many modes would you expect for the
Suppose a test for a disease is 80% accurate for those who have the disease (true positives) and 80% accurate for those who do not have the disease (true negatives). Within a sample of 4000 patients,
The contents of cans of regular Coca-Cola vary slightly in weight. Here are the measured weights of seven cans, in pounds:0.8161 0.8194 0.8165 0.8176
Ayurveda is a traditional medical system commonly used in India. Listed below are the lead concentrations (in °g/g) measured in different Ayurveda medicines (manufactured in the United States).
Figure 4.11 is a histogram of digits drawn in California’s Daily Four lottery. Digits Drawn in California Lottery 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Digit Kou anbai
The results in the table below are from experiments conducted by researchers Charles R. Honts (Boise State University) and Gordon H. Barland (Department of Defense Polygraph Institute). In each case,
The heights of 500 female students, half of whom are college students while the other half are second-grade students.Describing Distributions. For each distribution described in Exercises, answer the
The states of Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, and Connecticut have the following areas in square miles (land and water), with the areas listed in the same order as the
The heights of 250 randomly selected female statistics students.Describing Distributions. For each distribution described in Exercises, answer the following questions:a. How many modes would you
Listed below are measurements of specific absorption rate (SAR) of radiation (in W/kg) when these types of cell phones are held to the head: Samsung SGHtss9, Blackberry Storm, Blackberry Curve,
The braking reaction times of 500 randomly selected drivers, were measured under standard conditions.Describing Distributions. For each distribution described in Exercises, answer the following
Consider the following hypothetical basketball records for Spelman and Morehouse Colleges.a. Give numerical evidence to support the claim that Spelman College has a better team than Morehouse
The annual incomes of all those in a statistics class, including the instructor.Describing Distributions. For each distribution described in Exercises, answer the following questions:a. How many
Below are body temperatures (in °F) of randomly selected normal, healthy adults. What do the results suggest about “normal” body temperature?98.6 98.6 98.0
Two cross-country running teams, called the Gazelles and the Cheetahs, participated in a (hypothetical) study in which 50% of the Gazelles and 65% of the Cheetahs used weight training to supplement a
The data below are times (in seconds) recorded when statistics students participated in an experiment to test their ability to determine when 1 minute (60 seconds) had passed. What do these data
The following are the body temperatures (in °F) of randomly selected normal, healthy adults:98.6 98.6 98.0 98.0 99.0 98.4
The histogram in Figure 4.12 shows the duration times of eruptions of the Old Faithful geyser in Yellowstone National Park. Eruptions of old
In a recent year, the 868 professional baseball players had salaries with the following characteristics:• The mean was $4,214,614.• The median was $1,650,000.• The salaries ranged from a low of
Listed below are the numbers on the jerseys of the starting lineup for the New Orleans Saints when they won their first Super Bowl football game. Are the mean, median, and mode for these data
The following times (in seconds) were recorded when statistics students participated in an experiment to test their ability to determine when 1 minute (60 seconds) had passed:53 52
Spin Cycle Architecture uses three activity pools to apply overhead to its projects. Each activity has a cost driver used to assign the overhead costs to the projects. The activities and related
Listed below are the numbers on the jerseys of the starting lineup for the New Orleans Saints when they won their first Super Bowl football game. Does it make sense to compute the range and standard
The table below shows eighth-grade mathematics test scores in Nebraska and New Jersey. The scores are separated according to the race of the student. Also shown are the state averages for all races.
The table below shows the passing records of two rival quarterbacks in the first half and second half of a football game.Who had the higher completion percentage in the first half?Who had the higher
Listed below are measurements of the “head injury criterion (hic)” for seven small cars tested in crashes by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration: Chevrolet Aveo, Honda Civic, Volvo
Ayurveda is a traditional medical system commonly used in India. Listed below are the lead concentrations (in g/g) measured in different Ayurveda medicines (manufactured in the United States).
Figure 4.10 is a histogram of measured mid-upper arm circumferences of 300 randomly selected adults Adult Mid-Upper Arm Circumferences 50 40 30 20 10 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 Circumference
Refer to the table in Exercise 9. If the net profit in the sixth year is projected to be 5% less than the net profit in the fifth year, what is that projected sixth-year net profit?Exercise 9The
The histogram in Figure 4.9 shows the F-scale measurements of intensities of 490 tornadoes from recent years. (The F-scale runs from 0 to 5; a higher number indicates a stronger tornado.)Does It Make
Listed below are the earnings (in millions of dollars) of the celebrities with the five highest incomes in a recent year. The celebrities in order are Steven Spielberg, Howard Stern, George Lucas,
The Electronics Company has been in business for five years, and the following table lists the company’s net profit in each of those years. Using the first year as a reference value, find the index
Listed below are measurements of the “head injury criterion” (hic) for the following seven small cars tested in crashes by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration: Chevrolet Aveo,
To find the mean wage of restaurant workers in the United States, an economist found the mean wage for each of the 50 states, then calculated the mean of those 50 numbers.Does It Make Sense? For
Listed below are the earnings (in millions of dollars) of the celebrities with the five highest incomes in a recent year. The celebrities in order are Steven Spielberg, Howard Stern, George Lucas,
There’s much more variation in the ages of the general population than in the ages of students in my college extension course.Does It Make Sense? For Exercises, determine whether the statement
When taking a test for pregnancy, a true negative result is the same as a true positive result.It Make Sense? For Exercises, determine whether the statement makes sense (or is clearly true) or does
Two different students measure the height of an instructor who is actually 178.44 cm tall. The first student obtains a measurement of 178 cm and the second student obtains a measurement of 179.18 cm.
A survey asked people their working status, and coded the responses as follows: 1 = Working;2 = With a job but not at work; 3 = Looking for work;4 = Not working; 7 = Refused to
Rich Novelty Company identified the following activities in its production and support operations. Classify each of these activities as either value-added or non–value-added. a. Machine
Our data show that incomes at age 35 for 1000 randomly selected adults have more variation than incomes at age 35 for 1000 randomly selected high school teachers.Does It Make Sense? For Exercises,
After being tested for the presence of a disease, a patient is told to think positively, so the patient is hoping for a positive test result.It Make Sense? For Exercises, determine whether the
In a Gallup poll of 1038 adults, 5% of the respondents said that second-hand smoke is not at all harmful. How many respondents said that second-hand smoke is not at all harmful?
In an analysis of salaries paid to sales personnel in a company, it is found that those salaries have modes of $75,000 and $95,000.Does It Make Sense? For Exercises, determine whether the statement
Spud, Inc., a manufacturer of gourmet snacks, employs activity-based costing. The budgeted data for each of the activity cost pools is provided below for the year 2022. Estimated Estimated Use
Weisman, Inc. uses activity-based costing as the basis for information to set prices for its six lines of seasonal coats. Compute the activity-based overhead rates using the following budgeted data
The standard deviation for the heights of 5-year-old children is smaller than the standard deviation for the heights of children who range in age from 3 to 15.Does It Make Sense? For Exercises,
The distribution of pedestrian speeds on a path used by both walkers and runners was found to be bimodal.Does It Make Sense? For Exercises, determine whether the statement makes sense (or is clearly
A manufacturer uses two different production sites to make batteries for cell phones. There is a defect rate of 2% at one of the sites and a defect rate of 4% at the other site. Therefore, the
Recorded survey results include the states in which respondents reside. Are those data considered quantitative or qualitative, and what is their level of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, or
A study involves a large number of families with exactly four children. After finding that the mean number of girls is 1.97, researchers rounded the result to 2 because it impossible to get 1.97
I examined the data carefully, and the standard deviation was greater than the rangeDoes It Make Sense? For Exercises, determine whether the statement makes sense (or is clearly true) or does not
The distribution of grades in my class was left-skewed,but the mean, median, and mode were all the same.Does It Make Sense? For Exercises, determine whether the statement makes sense (or is clearly
Siena wins each of the first two sets of a tennis tournament by winning more games than her opponent in the first set and also winning more games than her opponent in the second set. It follows that
Braking reaction times of 36 randomly selected licensed drivers are measured and 20 of them are greater than 1.9 seconds. What is the percentage of reaction times greater than 1.9 seconds?
In Figure 2.5, notice that the revenue increases and spending savings get larger each year. Discuss why this occurs, focusing on how a change in the CPI compounds over time, much like compound
A survey found that the mean salary for professional soccer players is much higher than the median salary.Does It Make Sense? For Exercises, determine whether the statement makes sense (or is clearly
For a recent year, baseball salaries had a median of $1,650,000 and a first quartile (Q1) of $1,675,000. Does It Make Sense? For Exercises, determine whether the statement makes sense (or is
What do we mean by the variation of values in a set of data?
Describe the process of calculating a standard deviation. What is the standard deviation if all of the sample values are the same?

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