The gene for the vasopressin receptor V1a is expressed at higher levels in the forebrain of monogamous vole species than in promiscuous vole species. Can expression of this gene influence monogamy? To test this, Lim et al. (2004) experimentally enhanced V1a expression in the forebrain of 11 males of the meadow vole, a solitary promiscuous species. The percentage of time each male spent huddling with the female provided to him (an index of monogamy) was recorded. The same measurements were taken in 20 control males left untreated.

a. Display these data in a graph. Explain your choice of graph.

b. Which group has the higher mean percentage of time spent huddling with females?

c. Which group has the higher standard deviation in percentage of time spent huddling with females?

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Control males: 98,98, 96,96, 94,94, 88,88, 86,86, 82,82, 77,77, 74,74, 70,70, 60,60, 59,59, 52,52, 50, 50, 47,47, 40,40, 35,35, 29,29, 13,13, 6,6, 55 Via-enhanced males: 100,100, 97,97, 96,96, 97,97, 93,93, 89,89, 88,88, 84,84, 77,77, 67,67, 6161