Solutions of sodium hypochlorite, NaClO, are sold as a bleach (such as Clorox). They are prepared by the reaction of chlorine with sodium hydroxide. 2NaOH(aq) + Cl2(g) NaCl(aq) + NaClO(aq) + H2O(l)...
A sample of CuSO4 5H2O was heated to 100oC, where it lost water and gave another hydrate of copper(II) ion that contained 29.76% Cu. An 85.42-mg sample of this new hydrate gave 93.33 mg of barium...
Mercury(II) nitrate is treated with hydrogen sulfide, H2S, forming a precipitate and a solution. Write the molecular equation and the net ionic equation for the reaction. An acid is formed; is it...
The active ingredients in an antacid tablet contained only calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate. Complete reaction of a sample of the active ingredients required 41.33 mL of 0.08750 M...
Determine the oxidation numbers of all the elements in each of the following compounds. a. Mn(ClO3)2 b. Fe2(CrO4)3 c. HgCr2O7 d. CO3(PO4)2
What is a net ionic equation? What is the value in using a net ionic equation? Give an example.
A sample of oxalic acid, H2C2O4, weighing 1.192 g is placed in a 100.0-mL volumetric flask, which is then filled to the mark with water. What is the molarity of the solution?
How many grams of sodium dichromate, Na2Cr2O7, should be added to a 100.0-mL volumetric flask to prepare 0.025 M Na2Cr2O7 when the flask is filled to the mark with water?
Consider the experimental apparatus shown. In this setup, each round flask contains a gas, and the long tube contains no gas (that is, it is a vacuum). a. We use 1.0 mol of He for experiment X and...
The ideal gas law relates four variables. An empirical gas law relates two variables, assuming the other two are constant. How many empirical gas laws can be obtained? Give statements of each.
Calculate the rms speeds of N2 molecules at 25oC and at 125oC. Sketch approximate curves of the molecular speed distributions of N2 at 25oC and at 125oC.
Use bond energies to estimate the enthalpy change for the combustion of ethylene, C2H4, according to the equation C2H4(g) + 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
The enthalpy change for each of the following reactions was calculated using bond energies. The bond energies of XO, YO, and ZO are all equal. XX + O=O XOOX; H = 275 kJ YY + O=O YOOY; H = +275 kJ...
Iodine, I2, dissolves in an aqueous solution of iodide ion, I, to give the triiodide ion, I3. This ion consists of one iodine atom bonded to two others. Describe the bonding of I3 in terms of valence...
A molecular compound is composed of 60.4% Xe, 22.1% O, and 17.5% F, by mass. If the molecular weight is 217.3 amu, what is the molecular formula? What is the Lewis formula? Predict the molecular...
One resonance formula of benzene, C6H6, is What is the other resonance formula? What is the geometry about a carbon atom? What hybridization would be used in valence bond theory to describe the...
Suppose that an ethane molecule, CH3CH3, is broken into two CH3 molecules in such a way that one :CH3 molecule retains the electron pair that was originally the one making up the CC bond. The other...
Indicate what hybrid orbital depicted below is expected for the central atom of each of the following: a. BeF2 b. SiF4 c. SeF4 d. RnF4 180 1210.5 L1 (iii) (iv) IV
Iridium metal, Ir, crystallizes in a face-centered cubic (close-packed) structure. The edge length of the unit cell was found by x-ray diffraction to be 383.9 pm. The density of iridium is 22.42...
For the carbon and nitrogen family hydrides, we have the following boiling points: Carbon Family, C Nitrogen Family, C CH4, 164 NH3, 33 SiH4, 112 PH3, 88 GeH4, 88 AsH3, 55 SnH4, 52 SbH3, 17 Account...
Metallic iron has a body-centered cubic lattice with all atoms at lattice points and a unit cell whose edge length is 286.6 pm. The density of iron is 7.87 g/cm3. What is the mass of an iron atom?...
Naphthalene, C10H8, is used to make mothballs. Suppose a solution is made by dissolving 0.515 g of naphthalene in 60.8 g of chloroform, CHCl3. Calculate the vapor-pressure lowering of chloroform at...
A 0.205-g sample of white phosphorus was dissolved in 25.0 g of carbon disulfide, CS2. The boiling-point elevation of the carbon disulfide solution was found to be 0.159C. What is the molecular mass...
It is found that a gas undergoes a zero-order decomposition reaction in the presence of a nickel catalyst. If the rate constant for this reaction is 8.1 102 mol/(Ls), how long will it take for the...
Methyl acetate reacts in acidic solution. The rate law is first order in methyl acetate in acidic solution, and the rate constant at 25oC is 1.26 104/s. How long will it take for 65% of the methyl...
Consider the reaction Discuss the temperature and pressure conditions that would give the best yield of carbon monoxide. 2CO2(g) 2CO(g) + O2(g); '-566 kJ
Magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)2, is a white, partially soluble solid that is used in many antacids. The chemical equation for the dissolving of Mg(OH)2(s) in water is Mg(OH2(s)Mg (a) +20H (aq)
For the reaction carried out at some fixed temperature, the equilibrium constant is 2.0. a. Which of the following pictures correctly depicts the reaction mixture at equilibrium? b. For the pictures...
Write the expression for the equilibrium constant Kc for each of the following equations: a. C(s) CO2(g) 2CO(g) b. FeO(s) +CO(g) Fe(s) CO2(g) c. Na2CO3(s) SO2(g) 02(8)Na SO4(s)CO2(g) d. Pbl2(s) Pb...
Complete the following equation. Using Table 15.2, predict whether you would expect the reaction to occur to any significant extent or whether the reaction is more likely to occur in the opposite...
Which of the following pH values indicate an acidic solution at 25C? Which are basic and which are neutral? a. 4.6 b. 7.0 c. 1.6 d. 10.5
You add 1.5 mL of 1 M HCl to each of the following solutions. Which one will show the least change of pH? a. 15 mL of 0.1 M NaOH b. 15 mL of 0.1 M HC2H3O2 c. 30 mL of 0.1 M NaOH and 30 mL of 0.1 M...
Calculate the pH of a 0.15 M aqueous solution of aluminum chloride, AlCl3. The acid ionization of hydrated aluminum ion is and Ka is 1.4 10-5.
Calculate the pH of a solution made by mixing 0.60 L of 0.10 M NH4Cl with 0.50 L of 0.10 M NaOH. Kb for NH3 is 1.8 10-5.
A chemist needs a buffer with pH 4.35. How many milliliters of pure acetic acid (density = 1.049 g/mL) must be added to 465 mL of 0.0941 M NaOH solution to obtain such a buffer?
Calculate the pH of a solution obtained by mixing 500.0 mL of 0.10 M NH3 with 200.0 mL of 0.15 M HCl.
The solubility of silver sulfate, Ag2SO4, in water has been determined to be 8.0 g/L. What is the solubility in 0.45 M sodium sulfate, Na2SO4?
Predict whether nickel(II) hydroxide, Ni(OH)2, will precipitate from a solution that is 0.0020 M NiSO4, 0.010 M NaOH, and 0.10 M NH3. Note that nickel(II) ion forms the Ni(NH3)62+ complex ion.
Is the following reaction spontaneous as written? Explain. Do whatever calculation is needed to answer the question. SO2(g) + H2(g) H2S(g) + O2(g)
The gold-198 isotope is used in the treatment of brain, prostate, and ovarian cancer. Au-198 has a half-life of 2.69 d. If a hospital needs to have 15 mg of Au-198 on hand for treatments on a...
Tritium, or hydrogen-3, is prepared by bombarding lithium-6 with neutrons. A 0.250-mg sample of tritium decays at the rate of 8.94 1010 disintegrations per second. What is the decay constant (in /s)...
The naturally occurring isotope rubidium-87 decays by beta emission to strontium-87. This decay is the basis of a method for determining the ages of rocks. A sample of rock contains 102.1 g 87Rb and...
Calculate the amount of heat evolved when 3.5 104 kg of hydrogen is combusted. 2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(g) H = 484 kJ
Sodium perchlorate, NaClO4, is produced by electrolysis of sodium chlorate, NaClO3. If a current of 2.50 103 A passes through an electrolytic cell, how many kilograms of sodium perchlorate are...
Give the coordination number of the transition-metal atom in each of the following complexes. a. [Au(CN)4] b. [Co(NH3)4(H2O)2]Cl3 c. [Au(en)2]Cl3 d. [Cr(en)2(C2O4)]+
Give the condensed structural formula for each of the following compounds. a. 3-ethyl-2-pentene b. 4-ethyl-2-methyl-2-hexene
A block of aluminum with a weight of 10 N is placed in a beaker of water filled to the brim. Water overflows. The same is done in another beaker with a 10-N block of lead. Does the lead displace...
For each of the following compounds, write a balanced thermochemical equation depicting the formation of one mole of the compound from its elements in their standard states and use Appendix C to...
The ionic substances KF, CaO, and ScN are iso-electronic (they have the same number of electrons). Examine the lattice energies for these substances in Table 8.2, and account for the trends you...
It turns out that the van der Waals constant b equals four times the total volume actually occupied by the molecules of a mole of gas. Using this figure, calculate the fraction of the volume in a...
Which of the following statements best explains why a closed balloon filled with helium gas rises in air? (a) Helium is a monatomic gas, whereas nearly all the molecules that make up air, such as...
The following data present the temperatures at which certain vapor pressures are achieved for dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) and methyl iodide (CH3I): (a)Which of the two substances is expected to have the...
Commercial aqueous nitric acid has a density of 1.42 g/mL and is 16 M. Calculate the percent HNO3 by mass in the solution?
Commercial concentrated aqueous ammonia is 28% NH3 by mass and has a density of 0.90 g/mL. What is the molarity of this solution?
Write the expressions for Kc for the following reactions. In each case indicate whether the reaction is homogeneous or heterogeneous.
Ethene (C2H4) reacts with halogens (X2) by the following reaction: The following figures represent the concentrations at equilibrium at the same temperature when X2 is Cl2 (green), Br2 (brown), and...
Write (+ and (- by the appropriate atoms and draw a dipole moment vector for any of the following molecules that are polar: (a) HF (b) IBr (c) Br2 (d) F2
Write bond-line formulas for four carboxylic acids with the formula C5H10O2.
For the following write all possible resonance structures. Be sure to include formal charges where appropriate. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) NH2
What is the relationship between the members of the following pairs? That is, are they constitutional isomers, the same, or something else (specify)? (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) NH2 NH3 NH2 NH CI CI CI C
Write structural formulas for all of the alkenes with (a) The formula C2H2Br2 and (b) The formula C2Br2Cl2. In each instance designate compounds that are cis-trans isomers of each other. Predict the...
Which of the following are potential Lewis acids and which are potential Lewis bases? (a) (b) (c) (C6H5)3P: (d) (e) (CH3)3B (f) H: - CH.CH-N-CH CH3 CH3 H3C-C CH Br:
Write condensed and bond-line structural formulas for all of the constitutional isomers with the molecular formula C7H16. (There are a total of nine constitutional isomers.)
Give (R) and (S) designations for each pair of enantiomers given as answers to Practice Problem 5.4. In problem 5.4 (c) 2-Chlorobutane (d) 2-Methyl-1-butanol (f) 2-Bromopentane (h) 3-Methylhexane (j)...
(a) Write the structure of 2 ,2-dichlorobicyclo [2.2.1] heptane. (b) How many chirality centers does it contain? (c) How many stereoisomers are predicted by the 2n rule? (d) Only one pair of...
Consider the following pairs of structures. Designate each chirality center as (R) or (S) and identify the relationship between them by describing them as representing enantiomers, diastereomers,...
(a) When cis-1-bromo-2-methylcyclohexane undergoes an E2 reaction, two products (cycloalkenes) are formed. What are these two cycloalkenes, and which would you expect to be the major product? Write...
Arrange the following alcohols in order of their reactivity toward acid-catalyzed dehydration (with the most reactive first): 1-Pentanol 2-Methyl-2-butanol 3-Methyl-2-butanol
Outline a synthesis of phenylethyne from each of the following: (a) (b) (c) (d) Br Br Br
Predict the structures of compounds A, B, and C: A is an unbranched C6 alkyne that is also a primary alcohol. B is obtained from A by use of hydrogen and nickel boride catalyst or dissolving metal...
Write a mechanism for the following reaction. OH H SO. H2O
Deduce the structures of compounds A, B, and C, which all have the formula C6H10. As you read the information that follows, draw reaction flowcharts (roadmaps) like those in Problems 8.24 and 8.52....
Propose structures for the compounds G and H whose 1H NMR spectra are shown in Figs. 9.47 and 9.48. TMS 4.2 4.0 2.0 1.5 1.0 7 6 4 2 0 (ppm) H, C3H4Br2 TMS 6.0 5.8 5.64.4 4.2 4.0 7 6 4 0 (ppm)
Propose a structure that is consistent with each set of 1H NMR data. IR data is provided for some compounds. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l) (m) C4H1OO 6 (ppm) Splitting 1.28 1.35...
Synthesize each of the following compounds by routes that involve benzylic bromination by NBS and any other synthetic steps necessary. Begin by writing a retrosynthetic analysis. (a) (b) (c) CN Br
An exception to what we have just said has to do with syntheses of unsymmetrical ethers in which one alkyl group is a tert-butyl group and the other group is primary. For example, this synthesis can...
Write a detailed mechanism for the following reaction. HBr (excess) 2 Br
Supply the missing reagents and intermediates A-E. CAH6 OCH2 (racemic)
The following reaction does not produce the product shown. (a) Predict the major product from the conditions shown above, and write a detailed mechanism for its formation. (b) What reaction...
Starting with isobutane, show how each of the following could be synthesized. (You need not repeat the synthesis of a compound prepared in an earlier part of this problem.) (a) tert-Butyl bromide (b)...
Provide the reagents necessary to accomplish the following syntheses. (a) (b) (c) (d) MeO MeO SEt SEt
Propose a reasonable mechanism for the following reaction. OH cat. H PO EtOH
Write a detailed mechanism for the following reaction. Br OH HBr
Assign oxidation states to each carbon of ethanol, acetaldehyde, and acetic acid. [Ol Ethanol Acetaldehyde Acetic acid
Predict the organic product from each of the following oxidation reactions. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (1) KMnO4, HO. OH (2) H,O OH PCC CH2Cl2 OH (1) DMSO, (COCI)2 (2) EtgN OH H2CrO H2CrO
Show how 1-pentanol could be transformed into each of the following compounds. (You may use any needed inorganic reagents and you need not show the synthesis of a particular compound more than once.)...
Provide a mechanism for the following reaction, based on your knowledge of the reaction of esters with Grignard reagents. OH MgBr (2 equiv.) Cl (2) NH,CI
(a) Suggest a structural explanation for the fact that the 1,2-addition reaction of 1,3-butadiene and hydrogen bromide occurs faster than 1,4-addition? (Consider the relative contributions that the...
Assuming that you have available only alcohols or esters containing no more than four carbon atoms, show how you might synthesize each of the following compounds. Begin by writing a retrosynthetic...
For each of the following alcohols, write a retrosynthetic analysis and synthesis that involves an appropriate organometallic reagent (either a Grignard or alkyllithium reagent). (a) (b) (c) OH
Explain how 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and IR spectroscopy could be used to differentiate among the following compounds. 2-Phenylethanol 1,2-Diphenylethanol 1,1-Diphenylethanol 2,2-Diphenylethanoic acid...
Provide a mechanism for the following reaction. Draw a reaction energy coordinate diagram that illustrates the kinetic and thermodynamic pathways for this reaction. HBr Br+
Provide the reagents necessary for each of the following transformations. In some cases several steps may be necessary. (c) (d) (e) (f)
Although both 1-bromobutane and 4-bromo-1-butene are primary halides, the latter undergoes elimination more rapidly. How can this behavior be explained?
Give the structures of the products that would be formed when 1,3-butadiene reacts with each of the following: (a) (b) (c) (d) OMe OMe CN CN
Acetylenic compounds may be used as dienophiles in the Diels-Alder reaction (see Practice Problem 13.16). Write structures for the adducts that you expect from the reaction of 1,3-butadiene with (a)...
Two controversial "hard" insecticides are aldrin and dieldrin. [The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) halted the use of these insecticides because of possible harmful side effects and because...
Provide the reagents necessary to achieve the following synthetic transformations. More than one step may be required. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) CN CN HOOG Br
Azulene has an appreciable dipole moment. Write resonance structures for azulene that explain this dipole moment and that help explain its aromaticity.
Two compounds, A and B, have the same molecular formula, C6H8. Both A and B react with two molar equivalents of hydrogen in the presence of platinum to yield cyclohexane. Compound A shows three...