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engineering
chemical engineering

Questions and Answers of Chemical Engineering

Convert the temperatures in parts (a) and (b) and temperature intervals in parts (c) and (d):(a) T = 85◦F to ◦R, ◦C, K(b) T = – 10◦C to K, ◦F, ◦R(c) ΔT = 85◦C to K, ◦F, ◦R(d) ΔT
A temperature scale that never quite caught on was formulated by the Austrian chemist Johann Sebastian Farblunget. The reference points on this scale were 0˚FB, the temperature below which
A Thermocouple is a temperature-measurement device that consists of two dissimilar metal wires joined at one end. An oversimplified diagram follows. A voltage generated at the metal junctions is read
A thermostat control with dial markings from 0 to 100 is used to regulate the temperature of an oil bath. A calibration plot on logarithmic coordinates of the temperature, T(?F) versus the dial
As will be discussed in detail in Chapter 5, the ideal gas equation of state relates absolute pressure, P(atm); gas volume, V(liters); number of moles of gas, n(mol); and absolute temperature, T(K);
Streams of methane and air (79 mole % N2, the balance O2) are combined at the inlet of a combustion furnace pre-heater. The pressures of each stream are measured with open-end mercury manometers, the
You are performing an experiment in which the concentration, CA, of a reactive species is measured as a function of time, t, at several temperatures, T. At a fixed temperature, CA varies with t
Water enters a 2.00-m3 tank at a rate of 6.00 kg/s and is withdrawn at a rate of 3.00 kg/s. The tank initially half full.(a) Is this process continuous, batch, or semi batch? Is it transient or
A liquid-phase chemical reaction A ? B takes place in a well-stirred tank. The concentration of A in the feed is CA0 (mol/m3), and that in the tank and outlet stream is CA (mol/m3). Neither
A liquid mixture of benzene and toluene contains 55.0% benzene by mass. The mixture is to be partially evaporated to yield a vapor containing 85.0% benzene and a residual liquid containing 10.6%
Draw and label the given streams and derive expressions for the indicated quantities in terms of labeled variables. The solution of part (a) is given as an illustration.(b) The feed to a batch
(a) Draw a flowchart for the catalytic dehydrogenation of propane from the description of this process that begins Section 4.3a. Label all feed, product and connecting streams between units.(b) Write
A distillation column is a process unit in which a feed mixture is separated by multiple partial vaporizations and condensations to form two or more product streams. The overhead product stream is
Liquid extraction is an operation used to separate the components of a liquid mixture of two or more species. In the simplest case, the mixture contains two components: a solute (A) and a Liquid
Eggs are sorted into two sizes (large and extra large) at the Cheerful Chicken Dairy. Unfortunately, business has not been good lately, and since the Cheerful Chicken’s 40-year-old egg-sorting
Strawberries contain about 15 wt% solids and 85 wt% water. To make strawberry jam, crushed strawberries and sugar are mixed in a 45:55 mass ratio, and the mixture is heated to evaporate water until
Three hundred gallons of a mixture containing 75.0 wt% ethanol (ethyl alcohol) and 25% water (mixture specific gravity = 0.877) and a quantity of a 40.0 wt% ethanol—60% water mixture (SG = 0.952)
If the percentage of fuel in a fuel—air mixture falls below a certain value called the lower flammability limit (LFL), the mixture cannot be ignited. For example, the LFL of propane in air is 2.05
One thousand kilograms per hour of a mixture containing equal parts by mass of methanol and water is distilled. Product streams leave the top and the bottom of the distillation column. The flow rate
A pharmaceutical product P. is made in a batch reactor. The reactor effluent goes through a purification process to yield a final product stream and a waste stream. The initial charge (feed) to the
A stream of humid air containing 1.00 mole% H2O (v) and the balance dry air is to be humidified to a water content of 10.0 mole% H2O. For this purpose, liquid water is fed through a flow meter and
A liquid mixture contains 600 wt% ethanol (E), 5.0 wt% of a dissolved solute (S), and the balance water. A stream of this mixture is fed to a continuous distillation column operating at steady state.
Two aqueous sulfuric acid solutions containing 20.0 wt% H2SO4 (SG = 1.139) and 60.0 wt% H2SO4 (SG = 1.498) are mixed to form a 4.00 molar solution (SG = 1.213).(a) Calculate the mass fraction of
A paint mixture containing 25.0% of a pigment and the balance water sells for $18.00/kg, and a mixture containing 12.0% pigment sells for $10.00/kg, if a paint retailer produces a blend containing
Wet sugar that contains one-fifth water by mass is conveyed through an evaporator in which 85.0% of the entering water is vaporized. (a) Taking a basis of 100 kg feed, calculate (i) XW, the mass
A sedimentation process is to be used to separate pulverized coal from slate. A suspension of finely divided particles of galena (lead sulfide SG = 7.44) in water is prepared. The overall specific
Wet air containing 4.0mole% water vapor is passed through a column of calcium chloride pellets. The pellets adsorb 97.0% of the water and none of the other constituents of the air. The column packing
A dilute aqueous solution of H2SO4 (Solution A) is to be mixed with a solution containing 90.0 wt% H2SO4 (Solution B) to produce a 75.0 wt% solution (Solution C). The flow rate and concentration of
Gas streams containing hydrogen and nitrogen in different proportions are produced on request by blending gases from two feed tanks: Tank A (hydrogen mole fraction = xA) and Tank B (hydrogen mole
An artificial kidney is a device that removes water and waste metabolites from blood. In one such device, the hollow fiber hemodialyzer, blood flows from an artery through the insides of a bundle of
The indicator dilution method is a technique used to determine flow rates of fluids in channels for which devices like rotameters and orifice meters cannot be used (e.g., rivers, blood vessels, and
A variation of the indicator dilution method (see preceding problem) is used to measure total blood volume. A known amount of a tracer is injected into the bloodstream and disperses uniformly
Gas absorption or gas scrubbing is a commonly used method for removing environmentally undesirable species from waste gases in chemical manufacturing and combustion processes. The waste gas is
The SO2 scrubbing tower described in Problem 4.26 is to be used to reduce the SO2 mole fraction in the waste gas to a level that meets air quality control regulations. The solvent feed rate must be
Following is a labeled flowchart for a steady-state two-unit process with boundaries shown to denote subsystems about which balances can be taken. State the maximum number of balances that can be
A liquid mixture containing 30.0mole% benzene (B) 25.0% toluene (T) and the balance xylene (X) is fed to a distillation column. The bottoms product contains 98.0 mole% X and no B. and 96.0% of the X
Seawater containing 3.50 wt % salts passes through a series of 10 evaporators. Roughly equal quantities of water are vaporized in each of the 10 units and then condensed and combined to obtain a
An equimolar liquid mixture of benzene and toluene is separated into two product streams by distillation. A process flowchart and a somewhat oversimplified description of what happens in the process
Fresh orange juice contains 12.0 wt% solids and the balance water, and concentrated orange juice contains 42.0 wt% solids. Initially a single evaporation process was used for the concentration, but
A stream containing 5.15wt% chromium Cr is contained in the wastewater from a metal finishing plant. The wastewater stream is fed to a treatment unit that removes 95% of the chromium in the feed and
An evaporation—crystallization process of the type described in Example 4.5.2 is used to obtain solid potassium sulfate from an aqueous solution of this salt. The fresh feed to the process contains
In an absorption tower (or absorber), a gas is contacted with a liquid under conditions such that one or more species in the gas dissolve in the liquid. A stripping tower (or stripper) also involves
In the production of a bean oil beans containing 13.0 wt% oil and 87.0% solids are ground and fed to a stirred tank (the extractor) along with a recycled stream of liquid n-hexane. The feed ratio is
Following is a diagram of the shirt-cleaning process used by the Floods of Suds One-Day Laundry Services, Inc. The shirts are soaked in an agitated tub containing Whizzo the Wonder Detergent, and are
A drug (D) is produced in a three-stage extraction from the leaves of a tropical plant. About 1000 kg of leaf is required to produce 1 kg of the drug. The extraction solvent (S) is a mixture
Acetylene is hydrogenated to form ethane. The feed to the reactor contains 1.50mol H2/mol C2H2.(a) Calculate the stoichiometric reactant ratio (mol H2 react/mol C2H2 react) and the yield ratio (k mol
Ammonia is burned to form nitric oxide in the following reaction: 4NH3 + 5O2 → 4N0 + 6H20(a) Calculate the ratio (lb-mole O2 react/lb-mole NO formed).(b) If ammonia is fed to a continuous reactor
A stream containing H2S and inert gases and a second stream of pure SO2 are fed to a sulfur recovery reactor, where the reaction 2H2S + SO2 ? 3S + 2H20 takes place. The feed rates are adjusted so
The reaction between ethylene and hydrogen bromide to form ethyl bromide is carried out in a continuous reactor. The product stream is analyzed and found to contain 51.7 mole% C2H5Br and 17.3%HBr.
In the Deacon process for the manufacture of chlorine, HC1 and O2 react to form Cl2 and H20. Sufficient air (21 mole% 02, 79% N2) is fed to provide 35% excess oxygen and the fractional conversion of
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is used extensively as a white pigment. It is produced from an ore that contains ilmenite (FeTiO3) and ferric oxide (Fe2O3). The ore is digested with an aqueous sulfuric acid
Coal containing 5.0 wt% S is burned at a rate of 1250lbm/mm in a boiler furnace. All of the sulfur in the coal is oxidized to SO2. The product gas is sent to a scrubber in which most of the SO2 is
The gas-phase reaction between methanol and acetic acid to form methyl acetate and water CH3OH + CH3COOH = CH3COOCH3 + H2O (A) (B)
At low to moderate pressures the equilibrium state of the water—gas shift reaction CO + H2O = CO2 + H2 is approximately described by the relation where T is the reactor temperature. Ke is the
Methanol is formed from carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the gas-phase reaction The mole fractions of the reactive species at equilibrium satisfy the relation where P is the total pressure (atm). Ke
Methane and oxygen react in the presence of a catalyst to form formaldehyde. In a parallel reaction methane is oxidized to carbon dioxide and water: CH4 + 02 → HCHO + H2OCH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2
Ethane is chlorinated in a continuous reactor: C2H6÷C12—C2H5Cl + HCI some of the product monochloroethane is further chlorinated in an undesired side reaction: C2H5Cl + Cl2 → C2H4C12 + HCI(a)
Ethanol is produced commercially by the hydration o ethylene: C2H + H20 → C2H5OH some of the product is converted to diethyl ether in the side reaction 2C2H5OH → (C2H5)2O + H2O the feed to the
Solid calcium fluoride (CaF2) reacts with sulfuric acid to form solid calcium sulfate and gaseous hydrogen fluoride. The HF is then dissolved in water to form hydrofluoric acid. A source of calcium
Chlorobenzene (C6H5C1), an important solvent and intermediate in the production of many other chemicals, is produced by bubbling chlorine gas through liquid benzene in the presence of ferric chloride
The following two reactions take place in a gas-phase reactor: If the system comes to equilibrium at 3000 K and 1 atm, the product gas mole fractions satisfy the relations (a) Let nA0 . . . nE0 be
A mixture (A) in a continuous pharmaceutical manufacturing process Contains up to 10 wt% of an ingredient R [mass fraction xRA (g R/g A)1. The mixture is subjected to a reaction step in which the
A catalytic reactor is used to produce formaldehyde from methanol in the reaction CH3OH — HCHO + H2 A single-pass conversion of 60.0% is achieved in the reactor. The methanol in the reactor
Methanol is produced by reacting carbon monoxide and hydrogen. A fresh feed stream containing CO and H2 joins a recycle stream and the combined stream is fed to a reactor. The reactor outlet stream
Methane reacts with chlorine to produce methyl chloride and hydrogen chloride. Once formed, the methyl chloride may undergo further chlorination to form methylenc chloride (CH2CI2), chloroform, and
Ethylene oxide is produced by the catalytic oxidation of ethylene: 2C2H4 +02 — 2C2H40 an undesired competing reaction is the combustion of ethylene: C2H4 + 3O2 — 2C02 + 2H20 the feed to the
Methanol is synthesized from carbon monoxide and hydrogen in a catalytic reactor. The fresh feed to the process contains 32.0 mole% CO. 64.0% H2 and 4.0% N2. This stream is mixed with a recycle
The fresh feed to an ammonia production process contains nitrogen and hydrogen in stoichiometric proportion, along with an inert gas (I). The feed is combined with a recycle stream containing the
Isooctane is produced in the reaction of isobutene and butylene in an emulsion with concentrated sulfuric acid: i-C4H10 + C4H8?? i-C8H18 The fresh feed to the process flows at a rate of 60,000 kg/h
A gas contains 80.0wt% propane. 15.0 wt% n-butane and the balance water(a) Calculate the molar composition of this gas on both a wet and a dry basis and the ratio (mol H2O/mol dry gas).(b) If 100
Five liters of liquid n-hexane and 4 liters of liquid n-heptanes are mixed and burned with 4000 gram- moles of air. Not all of the hydrocarbons are burned in the furnace, and both CO and CO2 are
A fuel gas produced by gasifying coal is to be burned with 20% excess air. The gas contains 50.0 mole% nitrogen and the balance carbon monoxide and hydrogen. A sample of the gas is passed through an
Natural gas containing a mixture of methane ethane propane and butane is burned in a furnace with excess air. (a) One hundred k mol/h of a gas containing 94.4 mole% methane, 3.40% ethane 0.60%
Butane is burned with air, No carbon monoxide is present in the combustion products.(a) Use a degree-of-freedom analysis to prove that if the percentage excess air and the percentage conversion of
A mixture of 75 mole% propane and 25 mole% hydrogen is burned with 25% excess air. Fractional conversions of 90% of the propane and 85% of the hydrogen are achieved: of the propane that reacts. 95%
N-Pentane is burned with excess air in a continuous combustion chamber.(a) A technician runs an analysis and reports that the product gas contains 0.270 mole% pentane. 5.3% oxygen, 9.1% carbon
Liquid methanol is fed to a space heater at a rate of 12.0 L/h and burned with excess air. The product gas is analyzed and the following dry-basis mole percentages are determined: CH3OH 0.45%. CO2
A gas containing methane, ethane, and carbon dioxide is analyzed with a gas chromatograph (GC) and flame ionization detector (FID): the GC separates the components of the gas and the FID registers
A liquid mixture containing 40.0 wt% n-octane and the balance n-decane flows into a tank mounted on a balance. The mass in kg indicated by the scale is plotted against time. The data fall on a
When a liquid or a gas occupies a volume, it may be assumed to fill the volume completely. On the other hand, when solid particles occupy a volume, there are always spaces (voids) among the
Two liquid streams are flowing at constant rates into a blender. One is benzene, which flows at a measured rate of 20.0 L/min, and the other is toluene. The blended mixture enters a storage tank
A slurry contains crystals of copper sulfate pentahydrate [CuSO4 ∙ 5H2O(s), specific gravity = 2.3] suspended in an aqueous copper sulfate solution (liquid SG = 1.2). A sensitive transducer is
Use the ideal gas equation of state to estimate the molar volume in m3tmol and the density of air in kg/m3 at 40°C and a gauge pressure of 3.0atm.
One gram-mole of methyl chloride vapor is contained in a vessel at 100°C and 10atm.(a) Use the ideal gas equation of state to estimate the system volume.(b) Suppose the actual volume of the vessel
The pressure gauge on a 20.0 m3 tank of nitrogen at 25°C reads 10bar. Estimate the mass of nitrogen in the tank by(a) Direct solution of the ideal gas equation of state and(b) Conversion from
From the standard conditions given in Table 5.2-1, calculate the value of the gas constant R in(a) Atm∙m3 / (k mol ∙ K) and(b) Torr∙ft3 / (lb-mole ∙ °R).
The volume of a dry box (a closed chamber with dry nitrogen flowing through it) is 2.0 m3. The dry box is maintained at a slight positive gauge pressure of 10 cm H2O and room temperature (25°C). If
A stream of air enters a 7.50-cm ID pipe at a velocity of 60.0 m/s at 27°C and 1.80 bar (gauge). At a point downstream, the air flows through a 5.00 cm ID pipe at 60°C and 1.53bar (gauge). What is
The label has come off a cylinder of gas in your laboratory. You know only that one species of gas is contained in the cylinder, but you do not know whether it is hydrogen oxygen, or nitrogen. To
A gas cylinder filled with nitrogen at standard temperature and pressure has a mass of 37.289 g. The same container filled with carbon dioxide at STP has a mass of 37.440 g. When filled with an
A nitrogen rotameter is calibrated by feeding N2 from a compressor through a pressure regulator, a needle valve, the rotameter, and a dry test meter, a device that measures the total volume of gas
The flow rate required to yield a specified reading on an orifice meter varies inversely as the square root of the fluid density; that is, if a fluid with density p1(gfcm3) flowing at a rate V
A device has been designed to measure the flow rate of carbon dioxide evolved from a fermentation reactor. The reactor is sealed except for a tube that allows the generated carbon dioxide to bubble
A stream of air (21 mole% O2, the rest N2) flowing at a rate of 10.0 kg/h is mixed with a stream of CO2. The CO2 enters the mixer at a rate of 20.0m3/h at 150°C and 1.5 bar what is the mole percent
Spray drying is a process in which a liquid containing dissolved or suspended solids is injected into a chamber through a spray nozzle or centrifugal disk atomizer. The resulting mist is contacted
Many references give the specific gravity of gases with reference to air. For example, the specific gravity of carbon dioxide is 1.52 relative to air at the same temperature and pressure. Show that
Sax and Lewis12 describe the hazards of breathing air containing appreciable amounts of an asphyxiant (a gas that has no specific toxicity but, when inhaled, excludes oxygen from the lungs). When the
A tank in a room at 19°C is initially open to the atmosphere on a day when the barometric pressure is 102 kPa. A block of dry ice (solid CO2) with a mass of 15.7 kg is dropped into the tank, which
In froth flotation, air is bubbled through an aqueous solution or slurry to which a foaming agent (soap) has been added. The air bubbles carry finely dispersed solids and hydrophobic materials such
Several decades ago benzene was thought to be a harmless chemical with a somewhat pleasant odor and was widely used as a cleaning solvent. It has since been found that chronic exposure to benzene can

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