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chemical engineering

Questions and Answers of Chemical Engineering

A balloon 20m in diameter is filled with helium at a gauge pressure of 2.0atm. A man is standing in a basket suspended from the bottom of the balloon. A restraining cable attached to the basket keeps
The Cookenwythe Gas Company pumps propane gas to the nearby Noxious Chemicals, Inc., polypropylene production plant. The gas is metered at the noxious plant at 400m3/h at 4.7atm gauge and 30°C. The
An ideal gas mixture contains 35% helium. 20% methane, and 45% nitrogen by volume at 2.00 atm absolute and 90°C. Calculate(a) The partial pressure of each component.(b) The mass fraction of
There is a percentage of fuel in a fuel—air mixture called the lower flammable limit (LFL), below which the mixture cannot be ignited. There is also an upper flammable limit (UFL), a percentage of
An adult takes about 12 breaths per minute inhaling roughly 500mL of air with each breath. The molar compositions of the inspired and expired gases are as follows: The inspired gas is at 24?C and 1
As everyone who has used a fireplace knows when a fire burns in a furnace, a draft, or slight vacuum is induced that causes the hot combustion gases and entrained particulate matter to flow up and
Phosgene (CC12O) is a colorless gas that was used as an agent of chemical warfare in World War I. It has the odor of newly mown hay (which is a good warning if you know the smell of newly mown hay).
A fuel gas containing 86% methane, 8% ethane, and 6% propane by volume flows to a furnace at a rate of 1450 m3/h at 15°C and 150 kPa (gauge), where it is burned with 8% excess air. Calculate the
The flow of air to a gas-fired boiler furnace is regulated by a minicomputer controller. The fuel gases used in the furnace are mixtures of methane (A), ethane (B), propane (C), n-butane (D), and
The oxidation of nitric oxide takes place in an isothermal batch reactor. The reactor is charged with a mixture containing 20.0 volume percent NO and the balance air at an initial pressure of 380 kPa
Monochlorobenzene (M) is produced commercially by the direct catalytic chlorination of benzene at 40?C and 120 kPa absolute. In the process, dichlorobenzene (D) is generated as a co product: Liquid
In chemical vapor deposition (CVD), a semiconducting or insulating solid material is formed in a reaction between a gaseous species and a species adsorbed on the surface of silicon wafers (disks
A gas turbine power plant receives a shipment of hydrocarbon fuel whose composition is uncertain but may be represented by the expression CxHy. The fuel is burned with excess air. An analysis of the
Liquid hydrazine (SO = 0.82) undergoes a family of decomposition reactions that can be represented by the stoichiometric expression 3 N2H4 → 6x H2 + (1 + 2x) N2 + (4 — 4x) NH3(a) For what range
Chemicals are stored in a laboratory with volume V (m3) As a consequence of poor laboratory practices a hazardous species, A. enters the room air (from inside the room) at a constant rate mA (g A/h).
Propylene is hydrogenated in a batch reactor: C3H6 (g) + H2 (g) → C3H8 (g) Equimolar amounts of propylene and hydrogen are fed into the reactor at 25°C and a total absolute pressure of 32.0 atm.
A natural gas contains 95 wt% CH4 and the balance C2H6. Five hundred cubic meters per hour of this gas at 40°C and 1.1bar is to be burned with 25% excess air. The air flow meter is calibrated to
A stream of hot dry nitrogen flows through a process Unit that contains liquid acetone. A substantial portion of the acetone vaporizes and is carried off by the nitrogen. The combined gases leave the
Ammonia is one of the chemical constituents of industrial waste that must be removed in a treatment plant before the waste can safely be discharged into a river or estuary. Ammonia is normally
You have purchased a gas cylinder that is supposed to contain 5.0 mole% Cl2 (± 0.1%) and 95% air. The experiments you have been running are not giving reasonable results, and you suspect that the
Two humid gas streams are combined in a heated mixing chamber. The first stream contains 23.5 mole% ethane and 76.5% ethylene on a dry basis and enters the chamber at 25°C and 105kPa at a rate of
Most of the concrete used in the construction of buildings, roads, dams, and bridges is made from port land cement, a substance obtained by pulverizing the hard, granular residue (clinker) from the
The ultimate analysis of a No.4 fuel oil is 86.47 wt% carbons. 11.65% hydrogen, 1.35% sulfur, and the balance noncombustible inerts this oil is burned in a steam-generating furnace with 15% excess
A stream of Liquid n-pentane flows at a rate of 50.4L/min into a heating chamber, where it evaporates into a stream of air 15% in excess of the amount needed to burn the pentane completely. The
The feed stream to a Claus plant consists of 20.0 mole% H2S and 80.0% CO2. One-third of the stream is sent to a furnace where the H2S is burned completely with a stoichiometric amount of air and
Sulfuric acid is the chemical produced in the United States with the highest volume of production. In one of the earliest processes used to make it, an ore containing iron pyrites (FeS2) is roasted
You have been assigned the task of measuring the equilibrium constant for the reaction N2O4 2NO2 as a function of temperature. To do so, you obtain a rigid 2-liter vessel equipped with a
The demand for a particular hydrogenated compound, S, is 5.00k mol/h. This chemical is synthesized in the gas-phase reaction A + H2 = S. The reaction equilibrium constant at the reactor operating
One gram-mole each of CO2, O2, and N2 are fed to a batch reactor and heated to 3000K and 5.0atm. The two reactions given here proceed to equilibrium (also shown are the equilibrium constants at 3000
Terephthalic acid (TPA), a raw material in the manufacture of polyester fiber, film, and soft drink bottles, is synthesized from p-xylene (PX) in the process shown below. A fresh feed of pure liquid
A flowchart of a methanol synthesis process is shown below. A. Fresh feed?a mixture of CO. H2, N2, and CO2 B. Feed to the reactor?30.O mole% CO, 63.0% H2, 2.0% N2, and 5.0% CO2. Reactor Two reactions
The measured volumetric flow rate of ethane at 10.0 atm absolute and 35°C is 1.00 x 103 L/h. Using an estimated value of the second virial coefficient in the truncated virial equation (Equation
Methanol is to be delivered to a process unit at a rate of 15.0k mol/h by a stream that is 30.0 mole% methanol and 70.0mole% propane. Estimate the volumetric flow rate of this stream at 10.0 atm and
The van der Waals equation of state (Equation 5.3-6) is to be used to estimate the specific molar volume V (L/mol) of air at specified values of T (K) and P(atm). The van der Waals constants for air
A 5.0-m3 tank is charged with 75.0 kg of propane gas at 25°C. Use the SRK equation of state to estimate the pressure in the tank: then calculate the percentage error that would result from the use
The absolute pressure within a 35.0-liter gas cylinder should not exceed 51.0 atm. Suppose the cylinder contains 50.0 mol of a gas. Use the SRK equation of state to calculate the maximum permissible
A stream of oxygen at —65°C and 8.3 atm flows at a rate of 250 kg/h. Use the SRK equation of state to estimate the volumetric flow rate of this stream.
An innovative engineer has invented a device to replace the hydraulic jacks found at many service stations. A movable piston with a diameter of 0.15 m is fitted into a cylinder. Cars are raised by
An oxygen tank with a volume of 2.5 ft3 is kept in a room at 50°F. An engineer has used the ideal gas equation of state to determine that if the tank is first evacuated and then charged with 35.3lbm
Using the SRK equation of state (or any other cubic equation of state) to determine a specific volume from a specified temperature and pressure requires a trial-and-error calculation. Three computer-
Use the generalized compressibility chart to estimate z for(a) Nitrogen at 40°C and 40MPa and(b) Helium at —200°C and 350 atm. (Don’t forget Newton’s corrections.)
A certain gas has a molecular weight of 30.0 a critical temperature of 310K. and a critical pressure of 4.5MPa. Calculate the density in kg/m3 of this gas at 465 K and 9.0MPa(a) If the gas is ideal
One hundred pounds of CO2 is contained in a 10.0-ft3 tank. The safety limit of the tank is 1600 psig. Use the compressibility chart to estimate the maximum permissible gas temperature.
A stream of oxygen enters a compressor at 298 K and 1.00 atm at a rate of 127m3/h and is compressed to 358 K and 1000 atm. Estimate the volumetric flow rate of compressed O2 using the
A 10-liter cylinder containing oxygen at 175 atm absolute is used to supply O2 to an oxygen tent. The cylinder can be used until its absolute pressure drops to 1.1atm. Assuming a constant temperature
Dry ice (solid CO2) has been used as a mine explosive in the following manner. A hole is drilled into the mine wall, filled with dry ice plus a small charge of gunpowder, and then plugged. The
The concentration of oxygen in a 5000-liter tank containing air at 1 atm is to be reduced by pressure purging prior to charging a fuel into the tank, the tank is charged with nitrogen up to a high
A stream of propane at an average temperature T = 566?R and absolute pressure P = 6.8 atm flows from a hydrocarbon processing plant to a nearby customer?s production facility. A technician at the
Approximately 150SCFM (standard cubic feet per minute) of nitrogen is required by a process facility. As shown in the diagram below, plans call for supplying the facility from a tank of liquid
A 150-liter cylinder of carbon monoxide is stored in a 30.7-m3 room. The pressure gauge on the tank reads 2500 psi when the tank is delivered. Sixty hours later the gauge reads 2245 psi, indicating a
A gas consists of 20.0 mole% CH4, 30.0% C2H6, and 50.0% C2H4. Ten kilograms of this gas is to be compressed to a pressure of 200bar at 90°C. Using Kay’s rule, estimate the final volume of the gas.
A 30-liter cylinder is evacuated and filled with 5.00 kg of a gas containing 10.0 mole% N2O and the balance N2. The gas temperature is 24°C. Use the compressibility chart to solve the following
The product gas from a coal gasification plant consists of 60.0 mole% CO and the balance H2 it leaves the plant at 150°C and 2000psia. The gas expands through a turbine, and the outlet gas from the
A 30.0-liter cylinder of a gas containing 97.0 mole% CO and 3.0% CO2 is delivered to your plant. You sign the receipt for it, noting that the gauge on the tank reads 2000 psi. Several days later you
Methanol is produced by reacting carbon monoxide and hydrogen at 644 K over a ZnO—Cr2O3 catalyst. A mixture of CO and H2 in a ratio 2mol H2/mol CO is compressed and fed to the catalyst bed at 644 K
A process stream flowing at 35k mol/h contains 15 mole% hydrogen and the remainder 1-butene. The stream pressure is 10.0 atm absolute, the temperature is 50°C, and the velocity is 150m/min.
A gas mixture consisting of 15.0 mole% methane, 60.0% ethylene, and 25.0% ethane is compressed to a pressure of 175bar at 90°C. It flows through a process line in which the velocity should be no
A system has been devised to store acetonitrile safely at high pressures and temperatures. The acetonitrile is contained in a 0.2-ft3 tank maintained at 4500psia and 550°F. This tank is placed
A solid carbohydrate (CaHbOc) with a specific gravity of 1.59 is placed in a 1.000-liter combustion chamber. The chamber is evacuated and then charged with pure oxygen. Complete combustion of the
The adiabatic flame temperature of a fuel is the temperature achieved if the fuel is burned completely in a perfectly insulated container. You are performing an experiment to measure the adiabatic
Ten mL of pure liquid water in a cylinder with a movable piston is heated at a constant pressure of 1 atm from an initial temperature of 80?C. The temperature of the system is monitored, and the
A quantity of liquid chloroform is placed in an open, transparent, three-liter flask and boiled long enough to purge all air from the vapor space. The flask is then sealed and allowed to equilibrate
Ethyl acetate has a vapor pressure of 118.3 mm Hg at 29.5°C and a normal boiling point of 77.0°C. Estimate the vapor pressure at 45°C using (a) The Antoine equation and constants from Table
The vapor pressure of ethylene glycol at several temperatures is given below: Use a semi log plot based on the Clausius?Clapeyron equation to derive an equation for p? (mm Hg) as a function of T(?C).
You are given vapor pressure data in the form of [T (°C). p (mm Hg)] pairs. Construct a spreadsheet or write a computer program to perform the following tasks:(a) Read in Tt, p1, T2, p2,..., TN,
The apparatus shown here is used to measure the vapor pressure of ethylene diamine. The system is loaded with pure ethylene diamine and the bath is adjusted to each of several known temperatures. The
Estimate the vapor pressure of acetone (mm Hg) at 50°C (a) From data in Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook and the Clausius—Clapeyron equation, (b) From the Cox chart (Figure
The vapor pressure of an organic solvent is 50 mm Hg at 25°C and 200 mm Hg at 45° C. The solvent is the only species in a closed flask at 35°C and is present in both liquid and vapor states. The
Liquid methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) is introduced into a vessel containing air. The system temperature is increased to 55°C, and the vessel contents reach equilibrium with some MEK remaining in the
When a flammable liquid (such as gasoline or charcoal lighter fluid) ignites, it is not the liquid itself that burns: what actually happens is that the liquid vaporizes and the resulting air—vapor
A gas mixture contains 10.0 mole% H2O (v) and 90.0 mole% N2. The gas temperature and absolute pressure at the start of each of the three parts of this problem are 50°C and 500 mm Hg. Ideal gas
Pure chlorobenzene is contained in a flask attached to an open-end mercury manometer. When the flask contents are at 58.3°C, the height of the mercury in the arm of the manometer connected to the
The latest weather report includes the following statement: “The temperature is 78°F, barometric pressure is 29.9 inches, and the relative humidity is 87%.” From this information, estimate the
It has been suggested that Atlanta?Fulton County Stadium earned the nickname ?The Launching Pad? because baseballs carried farther than normal in the region?s hot, humid atmosphere. With this
Air at 50% relative humidity is cooled isobarically at I atm absolute from 90°C to 25°C.(a) Estimate the dew point and degrees of superheat of the air at 90°C.(b) How much water condenses (mol)
In a device to produce potable water, humid air at 90°F, 29.7 in Hg, and 95% relative humidity is cooled to 40°F at constant pressure. What volumetric flow rate of air into the cooler (ft3/min) is
Air containing 20.0mole% water vapor at an initial pressure of 1 atm absolute is cooled in a 1-liter sealed vessel from 200°C to 15°C.(a) What is the pressure in the vessel at the end of the
Air at 90°C and 1.00 atm (absolute) contains 10.0mole% water. A continuous stream of this air enters a compressor—condenser, in which the temperature is lowered to 15.6°C and the pressure, is
Dry air is bubbled through 25.0 liters of water at a rate of 15.0 liters (STP)/min. The air leaving the liquid is saturated with water at 25°C and 1.5 atm. How long will it take for all of the water
A storage tank for liquid n-octane has a diameter of 30 ft and a height of 20 ft. During a typical 24-h period the level of liquid octane falls from 18 ft to 8 ft. after which fresh octane is pumped
A 1000-gallon tank currently contains 100.0 gallons of liquid toluene and a gas saturated with toluene vapor at 85°F and 1 atm.(a) What quantity of toluene (lbm) will enter the atmosphere when the
A gas mixture containing 85.0 mole% N2 and the balance n-hexane flows through a pipe at a rate of100.0m3fh, the pressure is 2.00 atm absolute and the temperature is 100°C.(a) What is the molar flow
Solids soaked with liquid hexane are dried by being contacted with nitrogen at an elevated temperature. The gas stream leaving the dryer is at 80?C, 1 atm absolute and 50% relative saturation. (a)
A 20,000-liter storage tank was taken out of service to repair and reattach a feed line damaged in a collision with a tanker. The tank was drained and then opened several days later for a welder to
An adult takes roughly 12 breaths each minute, inhaling approximately 500mL with each breath. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs. The amount of nitrogen exhaled equals the amount
Recovering and reusing organic solvents (rather than discharging the solvents in waste streams) is an important part of the operation of most chemical plants. The magnitude of these recovery efforts
On a hot summer day the temperature is 35°C, barometric pressure is 103 kPa, and the relative humidity is 90%. An air conditioner draws in outside air, cools it to 20°C, and delivers it at a rate
An air conditioner is designed to bring 10.000 ft3/min of outside air (90°F. 29.8 in Hg, 88% relative humidity) to 40°F, thereby condensing a portion of the water vapor, and then to reheat the air,
The air in a building is to be maintained at 25°C and 55% relative humidity by passing outside air through a water spray. The air enters the spray chamber at 32°C and 70% relative humidity, leaves
A hygrometer is used to measure the moisture content of humid air. Calibration of the instrument leads to a straight line on a semi log plot of y, the mole fraction of water in air (logarithmic
Recovery of a solvent vapor from a gas stream by condensation can be achieved by cooling the gas, by compressing it, or by a combination of these operations. The greater the compression, the less
A gas stream containing 40.0mole% hydrogen, 35.0% carbon monoxide, 20.0% carbon dioxide, and 5.0% methane is cooled from 1000°C to 10°C at a constant absolute pressure of 35.0 atm. Gas enters the
A hot-air dryer is used to reduce the moisture content of 1500 kg/mm of wet wood pulp from 0.75 kg H2Ofkg dry pulp to 0.15 wt% H2O. Air is drawn from the atmosphere at 28°C, 760 mm Hg, and 50%
Wet leather containing 61% water enters a continuous tunnel dryer and leaves at a rate of 485lbm/h containing 6.0% water. Dry air enters the dryer at 140°F and 1 atm. and the outlet air is at 130°F
N-Hexane is used to extract oil from soybeans. The solid residue from the extraction unit, which contains 0.78 kg liquid hexane/kg dry solids, is contacted in a dryer with nitrogen that enters at
In the final stage of the manufacturing process for a solid organic product, the product is cleaned with liquid toluene and then dried in a process whose flowchart is shown on the next page10. The
N-Hexane is burned with excess air. An analysis of the product gas yields the following dry-basis molar composition: 6.9% CO2. 2.1% CO. 0.265% C6H14 (+ O2 and N2). The stack gas emerges at 760 mm Hg.
A fuel gas containing methane and ethane is burned with air in a furnace, producing a stack gas at 300°C and 105 kPa (absolute). The stack gas contains CO2 at a partial pressure of 80 mm Hg and no
A mixture of propane and butane is burned with air. Partial analysis of the stack gas produces the following dry-basis volume percentages: 0.0527% C3H8, 0.0527% C4H10, 1.48% CO. and 7.12% CO2. The
An important parameter in the design of gas absorbers is the ratio of the flow rate of the feed liquid to that of the feed gas. The lower the value of this ratio, the lower the cost of the solvent

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