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chemical engineering

Questions and Answers of Chemical Engineering

Five kilograms of liquid carbon tetrachloride undergo a mechanically reversible, iso- haric change of state at I bar during which the temperature changes from 0(C to 20(C. Determine (V1, W, , (H1,
Natural gas (assume pure methane) is delivered to a city via pipeline at a volumetric rate of 150 million standard cubic feet per day. Average delivery conditions are 50((F) and 300psial.
Some corresponding-states correlations use the critical compressibility factor Zc. rather than the acentric factor (, as a third parameter. The two types of correlation (one based on Tc, Pc, and Zc,
An ideal gas, initially at 25(C and 1 bar, undergoes the following cyclic processes in a closed system: (a) In mechanically reversible processes, it is first compressed adiabatically to 5 bar, then
Use the equation of the preceding problem and data from Table F.2 to obtain a value of B for water at one of the following temperatures: (a) 300(C (b) 350(C (c) 400(C
Use the result of the preceding problem and data from Table E.1 to obtain a value of B for simple fluids at Tt = 1, Compare the result with the value implied by Eq. (3.65).
The following conversation was overheard in the corridors of a large engineering firm. Mw engineer: "Hi, boss, Why the big smile?" Old-timer: "1 finally won a wager with Harry Carey, from Research.
Five mol of calcium carbide arc combined with 10 mol of water in a closed, rigid, high pressure vessel of 1800 cm3 internal empty volume. Acetylene gas is produced by the reaction: CaC2(s) + 2H2O(t)
Storage is required for 35,000 kg of propane, received as a gas at I0(C and l (atm). Two proposals have been made: (a) Store it as a gas at 10(C and 1(atm). (b) Store it as a liquid in equilibrium
One mole of an ideal gas with CP = (7/2) R and CV = (5/2) R expands from P1 = 8 bar and T1 = 600 K to P2 = 1 bar by each of the following paths: (a) Constant volume: (b) Constant temperature; (c)
An ideal gas initially at 600 K and 10 bar undergoes a four-step mechanically reversible cycle in a closed system. In step 12, pressure decreases isothermally to 3 bar; in step 23, pressure decreases
For steady flow in a heat exchanger at approximately atmospheric pressure, what is the heat transferred: (a) When 10 mol of SO2 is heated from 200 to l,100(C? (b) When 12 mol of propane is heated
Table 9.1 lists the thermodynamic properties of saturated liquid and vapor tetrafluo-roethane. Making use of the vapor pressures as a function of temperature and of the saturated-liquid and
Handbook values for the latent heats of vaporization in J g-1 arc given in the table for several pure liquids at 0(C. ________________________(H at
Table B.2 of Appendix B provides parameters for an equation that gives P sat as a function of T for a number of pure compounds. For one of them, determine the heat of vaporization at its normal
A method for determination of the second viriul coefficient of a pure gas is based on the Clapeyron equation and measurements of the latent heat of vaporization (Hfu, the molar volume of saturated
One hundred kmol per hour of subcooled liquid at 300 K and 3 bar is superheated to 500 K in a steady-flow heat exchanger. Estimate the exchanger duty (in kW) for one of the following: (a) Methanol,
Saturated-liquid benzene at pressure P1 = 10 bar = (T1 sat = 451.7 K) i*. throttled in a steady-flow process to a pressure P2 = 1.2 bar (T2 sat = 358.7 K), where it is a liq- uid/vapur mixture.
Estimate (H((298 for one of the following compounds as a liquid at 25(C. (a) Acetylene, (b) 13-Butadiene, (c) Ethylbenzene, (d) n-Hexane, (e) Styrene.
A reversible compression of 1 mol of an ideal gas in a piston/cylinder device results in a pressure increase from 1 bar to P2 and a temperature increase from 400 K to 950 K. The path followed by the
Hydrocarbon fuels can be produced from methanol by reactions such as the following, which yieklds 1-hexene: 6CH3OH(g) ( C6H12(g) + 6H2O(g) Compare the standard heat of combustion at 25(C of OCThOHigl
Calculate the theoretical flame temperature when ethylene at 25(C is burned with: (a) The theoretical amount of air at 25(C. (b) 25% excess air at 25(C. (c) 50% excess air at 25(C. (d) 100% excess
For steady Bow through a heat exchanger at approximately atmospheric pressure, what is the final temperature, (a) When heat in the amount of 800 kJ is added to 10 mol of ethylene initially at
What is the standard heat of combustion of n-pentane gas at 25(C if the combustion products are H2O(l) and CO2(g)?
Determine the standard heal of each of the following reactions at 25(C: (a) N2(g) + 3H2(g) ( 2NH3(g) (b) 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) ( 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g) (c) 3NO2(g) + H2O(l) ( 2HNO3(l) + NO(g) (d) CaC2(s) +
Develop a general equation for the standard heat of reaction as a function of temperature for one of the reaction given in parts ((), (b) (e), (f), (g), (h), (j), (k), (l), (m), (n), (o), (r), t),
Natural gases (assume pure methane) is delivered to a city via pipeline at a volumetric rate of 150 million standard cubic feet per day. If the selling price of the gas is S5.00 per GJ of higher
Natural gases arc rarely pure methane; they usually also contain other light hydrocarbons and nitrogen. Determine on expression for the standard heat of combustion as a function of composition for a
If the heat of combustion of urea, (NH2)2CO(s), at 25(C is 631 660 J mol-1 when the products are CO2(g), H2O(l), and N2(g), what is (H((298 for urea?
A light fuel oil with an average chemical composition of C10H18 is burned with oxygen in a bomb calorimeter. The heat evolved is measured as 43,960 J g-1 for the reaction at 25 (C. Calculate the
Methane gas is burned completely with 30% excess air at approximately atmospheric pressure. Both the methane and the air enter the furnace at 30(C saturated with water vapor, and the due gases leave
If 250(ft)3(s)-l of air at 122((F) and approximately atmospheric pressure is preheated for a combustion process to 932((F), what rate of heat transfer is required?
Ammonia gas enters the reactor of a nitric acid plant mixed with 30% more dry air than is required for the complete conversion of the ammonia to nitric oxide and water vapor. If the gases enter the
Ethylene gas and steam at 320(C and atmospheric pressure are fed to a reaction process as an equimolar mixture. The process produces ethanol by the reaction: C2H4(g) + H2O(g) ( C2H5OH(t) The liquid
A gas mixture of methane and steam at atmospheric pressure and 500(C is fed to a reactor, where the following reactions occur:The product stream leaves the reactor at 850(C. Its composition (mole
A fuel consisting of 75 mol-% methane and 25 mol-% ethane enters a furnace with 80% excess air al 30(C, If 8 ( 105 kJ per kg mole of fuel is transferred as heat to boiler tubes, at what temperature
The gas stream from a sulfur burner consists of 15 mol-% SO2, 20 mol-% O2, and 65 mol-% N2. The gas stream at atmospheric pressure and 400(C enters a catalytic converter A here 86% of the SO2 is
Hydrogen is produced by the reaction: CO(g) + H2O(g) ( CO2(g) + H2(g). The feed stream 10 the reactor is an equimolar mixture of carbon monoxide and steam, and it enters the reactor at 125(C and
An equimolar mixture of nitrogen and acetylene enters a steady-flow reactor at 25(C and atmospheric pressure. The only reaction occurring is: N2(g) + C2H2 ( 2HCN(g). The product gases leave the
Chlorine is produced by the reaction: 4HCI(g) + O2 ( 2H2O(g) + 2Cl2(g). The feed stream to the reactor consists of 60 mol-% HCl. 36 moI-% O2, and 4 mol-% N2, and it enters the reactor at 550(C. If
A gas consisting only of CO and N2 is made by passing a mixture of flue gas and air through a bed of incandescent coke (assume pure carbon). The two reactions that occur both go to completion:They
How much heat is required when 10,000 kg of CaCO3 is heated at atmospheric pressure from 50(C to 880(C?
A fuel gas consisting of 94 mol-% methane and 6 mol-% nitrogen is burned with 35% excess air in a continuous water heater. Both fuel gas and air enter dry at 77((F), Water is heated at a rate of
A process for the production of 1, 3-butadiene results from the catalytic dehydrogenation at atmospheric pressure of 1-butene according u> the reaction: C4H8(g) ( C4H6(g) + H2(g) To suppress side
(a) An air-cooled condenser transfers heat at the rate of 12(Btu) s-1 to ambient air at 70((F). If the air temperature is raised 20((F), what is the required volumetric flow rate of the air? (b)
(a) An air-conditioning unit cools 50(ft)3 s-1 of air at 94((F) to 68((F). What is the required heat-transfer rate in (Btu) s-1. (b) Rework Part (a) for a flowrate of 1.5 m3 s-1, a temperature change
A propane-tired water heater delivers 80% of the standard heat of combustion of the propane [at 25(C with CO2(g) and H2O(g) as products) to the water. If the price of propane is $2.20 per gallon as
Determine the heat transfer (J mol-1) when one of the gases identified below is heated in a steady-flow process from 25 to 500 C at atmospheric pressure. (a) Acetylene; (b) Ammonia; (c) n-Butane: (d)
Determine the final temperature for one of the gases of the preceding problem if heal in the amount of 30,000 J mol-1 is transferred to the gas, initially at 25(C, in a steady flow process at
Quantitative thermal analysis has been suggested as a technique for monitoring the composition of a binary gas stream. To illustrate the principle, do one of the following problems. (a) A
Saturated steam at 1(atrn) and 100(C is continuously generated from liquid water at 1(atm) and 25(C by thermal contact with hoi air in a counterflow heat exchanger. The air flows steadily at l(atm).
The oxidation of glucose provides the principal source of energy for animal cells. Assume the reactants are glucose [C6H12O6(s)] and oxygen [O2(g)]. The products are CO2(g) and H2O(l). (a) Write a
A natural-gas fuel contains 85 mol-% methane, 10 mol-% ethane, and 5 mol-% nitrogen. (a) What is the standard heat of combustion (kJ mol-1) of the fuel at 25(C with H2O(g) as a product? (b) The fuel
Calculate the heat capacity of a gas sample from the following information: The sample comes to equilibrium in a flask at 25(C and 121.3 kPa. A stopcock is opened briefly, allowing the pressure to
(a) For one of the compounds listed in Table B.2 of App. B, evaluate the latent heat of vaporization (Hn by Eq. (4.12). How does this result compare with the value listed in Table B.2?(b) Handbook
An ideal gas. Cp = (7/2) R, is heated in a steady-flow heat exchanger from 70oC to 190oC by another stream of the same ideal gas which enters at 320oC. The flow rates of the two streams are the same,
Imagine that a stream of fluid in steady-stale How serves as a heat source for an infinite set of Carnot engines, each of which absorbs a differential amount of heat from the fluid, causing its
A Carnot engine operates between temperature levels of 600 K and 300 K. It drives a Carnot refrigerator, which provides cooling at 250 K and discards heal at 309 K. Determine a numerical value for
An ideal gas with constant heat capacities undergoes a change of state from conditions T1, P1 to conditions T2, P2. Determine (H (J mol-1) and (S (J mol-1 K-1) for one of the following cases. (a) T1
An ideal gas. Cp = (7 / 2) R and Cv = (5 / 2) R, undergoes a cycle consisting of the following mechanically reversible steps: • An adiabatic compression from P1, V1. T1 to P2, V2, T2. • An
A Carnot engine receives 250 KJs-1 of heat from a heat-source reservoir at 525 C and rejects heal to a heat-sink reservoir at 50'C. What arc the power developed and the heat rejected?
One mole of an ideal gas, Cp = (7/2)/? and Cv = (5/2)R is compressed adiabatically in a piston/cylinder device from 2 bar and 25oC to 7 bar. The process is irreversible and requires 35% more work
A reversible cycle executed by 1 mol of an ideal gas for which Cp = (5/2)R and Cv = (3/2)R consists of the following: • Starting at T1 = 700 K and P1 =1.5 bar. the gas is cooled at constant
One mole of an ideal gas is compressed isothermally but irreversibly at 130oC from 2.5 bar to 6.5 bar in a piston/cylinder device. The work required is 30% greater than the work of reversible,
For a steady-flow process at approximately atmospheric pressure, what is the entropy change of the gas: (a) When 10 mol of SO2 is heated from 200 to 1.100oC? (b) W hen 12 mol of propane is heated
What is the entropy change of the gas. healed in a stead) -flow, process at approximately atmospheric pressure, (a) When 800 kJ is added to 10 mol of ethylene initially at 200oC? (b) When 2300 kJ is
A device with no moving parts provides a steady stream of dulled air at - 25 C and I bar. The feed to the device is compressed air at 25C and 5 bar. In addition to the stream of chilled air, a second
The following heat engines produce power of 95.000 kW. Determine in each case the rates at which heat is absorbed from the hot reservoir and discarded to the cold reservoir. (a) A Carnot engine
An inventor has devised a complicated non-flow process in which I mol of air is the working fluid. The net effects of the process are claimed lo be; • A change in state of the air from 250oC and 3
A refrigeration system cools a brine from 25oC to -15 C at the rate 20 kg s-1. Heal is discarded to the atmosphere at a temperature of 30'C. What is the power requirement if the thermodynamic
An electric motor under steady load draws 9.7 amperes al 110 volts; it delivers 1.25(hp) of mechanical energy. The temperature of the surroundings is 300 K. What is the total rate of entropy
A 25-ohm resistor at steady state draws a current of 10 ampere`s, Its temperature is 310 K; the temperature of the surroundings is 300 K. What is the total rate of entropy generation S̄G? What is
Ten kmol per hour of air is throttled from upstream conditions of 25oC and 10 bar to a downstream pressure of 1.2 bar. Assume air to be an ideal gas with Cp = (7/2)R. What is the downstream
A steady-flow adiabatic turbine (expander) accepts gas at conditions T1, P1, and discharges at conditions T2, P2. Assuming ideal gases, determine (per mole of gas) W, Wideal, Wlost, and So for one of
A particular power plant operators with a heat source reservoir at 350oC and a heat sink reservoir at 30oC. It has thermal efficiency equal to 55% of the Carnot engine thermal efficiency for the same
Consider the direct beat transfer from a heal reservoir at T1 to another heat reservoir at temperature T2, where T1 > T2 > T(. It is not obvious why the Inst work of this process should depend on T(.
An inventor claims to have devised a cyclic engine which exchanges heal with reservoirs at 25oC and 250oC, and which produces 0-45 kJ of work for each kJ of heat extracted from the hot reservoir. Is
Heat in the amount of 150 kJ is transferred directly from a hot reservoir at TH = 550 K to two cooler reservoirs at T1 = 350 K and 7> = 250 K. The surroundings temperature is T( = 300 K. If the heal
A nuclear power plant generates 750 MW; the reactor temperature is 315oC and a river with water temperature of 20oC is available? (a) What is the maximum possible thermal efficiency of the plant, and
A Hilsch vortex tube operates with no moving mechanical parts, and splits a gas stream into two streams: one warmer and the other cooler than the entering stream. One such lube is reported to operate
a) Air at 70(oF) and 1(atm) is cooled at the rate of 100,000(fit)3 (hr)-3 to 20(oF) by refrigeration. For a surroundings temperature of 70 (oF), what is the minimum power requirement in (hp)? (b) Air
A flue gas is cooled from 2.000 to 300(oF'), and the heal is Used to generate saturated steam at 212(oF) in a boiler. The flue gas has a heat capacity given by:Water enters the boiler at 212(oF), and
A flue gas is cooled from 1.100 to I50oC and the heat is used to generate saturated steam at 100 C in a boiler. The flue gas has a heal capacity given by:Water enters the boiler at l00oC, and is
Ethylene vapor is cooled at atmospheric pressure from 830 to 35oC by direct heat transfer to the surroundings at a temperature of 25oC. With respect to this surroundings temperature, what is the lost
Large quantities of liquefied natural gas (LNG) are shipped by ocean tanker. At the unloading port provision is made for vaporization of the LNG so that it may be delivered to pipelines as gas. The
With respect to I kg of liquid water; (a) Initially at 0OC. it is heated to 100oC by contact with a heat reservoir at 100oC. What is the entropy change of the water? Of the heat reservoir? What is
A rigid vessel of 0.06 m3 volume contains an ideal gas. CV = (5/2) R. at 500 K and I bar. (а) If heat in the amount of 15,000 J is transferred to the gas, determine its entropy change. (b) If the
Liquid water at 25 C and 1 bar fills a rigid vessel. If heat is added to the water until its temperature reaches 50 C, what pressure is developed? The average value of ( between 25 and 50oC is 36.2 (
Use the result of the preceding problem to estimate the heat of vaporization at the normal boiling point for one of the substances listed below. Compare the result with the value given in Table B.2
Riedel proposed a third corresponding-states parameter ac, related to the vapor-pressure curve by; For simple fluids, experiment shows that ac (( 5.8; for non-simple fluids, ac increases with
Calculate Z. HR. and SR by the Redlich / Kwong equation for one of the following, and compare results with values found from suitable generalized correlations: (a) Acetylene at 300 K and 40 bar. (b)
Calculate Z. HR and SR by the $oavc / Rcdlich / Kwong equation for the substance and conditions given by one of the parts of Pb. 6.14, and compare results with values found from suitable generalized
Calculate Z, HR, and SR by the Peng / Robinson equation for the substance and conditions given by one of the parts of Pb. 6.14. and compare results with values found from suitable generalized
Estimate the entropy change of vaporization of benzene at 50oC. The vapor pressure of benzene is given by the equation:(a) Use Eq. (6.72) with an estimated value of A Viv. (b) Use the Claitsius /
Wiry pure liquid water can be subcoolcd at atmospheric pressure to temperatures well below 0oC. Assume that I leg has. been cooled as a liquid to -6 oC, A small ice crystal (of negligible mass) is
The state of 1 (lbm) of steam is changed from saturated sapor at 20(psia) to superheated vapor at 50(psiai and 1,000(oF). What are the enthalpy and entropy changes of the steam? What would the
A two-phase system of liquid water and water vapor in equilibrium at 8,000 kPa consists of equal volumes of liquid and vapor. If the total volume Vt = 0.15 m3, What is (he total enthalpy Ht and what
A vessel contains I kg of H20 as liquid and vapor in equilibrium at 1.000 kPa. If the vapor occupies 70% of the volume of the vessel, determine H and 5 for the 1 kg of H2O?
A pressure vessel contains liquid water and water vapor in equilibrium at 350(oF). The total mass of liquid and vapor is 3(Ibm). If the volume of vapor is 50 times the volume of liquid, what is the
Wet steam at 230 C has a density of 0.025 g cm-3. Determine x. II. and S?

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