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chemical engineering

Questions and Answers of Chemical Engineering

A vessel of 0.15-m3 volume containing saturated-vapor steam at 150oC is cooled to 30oC. Determine the final volume and mass of liquid water in the vessel?
Wet steam at 1,100 kPa expands at constant enthalpy (as in a throttling process) to 101.33 kPa, where its temperature is 105oC. What is the quality' of the steam in its initial state?
Steam at 2.100 kFa and 260oC expands at constant enthalpy (as in a throttling process) to 125 kPa. What is the temperature of the steam in its final state and w hat is its entropy change? What would
Steam at 300(psia) and 500(oF) expands at constant enthalpy (as in a throttling process) to 20(psia). What is the temperature of the steam in its final state and what is its entropy change? What
Superheated steam at 500 kPa and 300 C expands isentropically to 50 kPa. What is its final enthalpy?
What is the mole fraction of water vapor in air that is saturated with water at 25oC and 101.33 kPU? At 50oC and 10133 kPit?
A rigid vessel contains 0.014 m3 of saturated-vapor steam in equilibrium with 0.021 m3 of saturated-liquid water at 100oC Heat is transferred to the vessel until one phase just disappears, and a
A vessel of 0,25-m3 capacity U filled with saturated steam at 1.50U kPa. If the vessel is cooled until 25 percent of the steam has condensed, how much beat is transferred and what is the final
A vessel of 2-m3 capacity contains 0.02 m3 of liquid water and 1.98 m3 of water vapor at 101.33 kPa. How much heat must be added to the contents of the vessel so that the liquid water is just
A rigid vessel of 0.4-m3 volume is filled with steam at 800 kPa and 350oC. How much heal must be transferred from the steam to bring its temperature to 200oC?
One kilogram of steam is contained in a piston/cylinder device at 800 kPa and 200oC. (a) If it undergoes a mechanically reversible, isothermal expansion to 150 kPa, how much heat does it absorb? (b)
Steam at 2,000 kPa containing 6% moisture is heated at constant pressure to 575oC. How much heat is required per kilogram?
Steam at 2.700 kPa and with a quality of 0.90 undergoes a reversible, adiabatic expansion in a non-flow process to 400 kPa. It is then healed at constant volume until it is saturated vapor. Determine
Four kilograms of steam in a piston/cytinder device at 400 kPa and 175oC undergoes a mechanically reversible, isothermal compression to a final pressure such that the steam is just saturated.
Steam undergoes a change from an initial state of 450oC and 3,000 kPa to a final stale of 140oC and 235 kPa. Determine (H and (S: (a) From steam-table data. (b) By equations for an ideal gas. (c) By
A piston/cylinder device operating in a cycle with steam as the working fluid executes the following steps: • Steam at 550 kPa and 200oC is heated at constant volume to a pressure of 800 kJPa. •
A piston/cylinder device operating in a cycle with steam as the working fluid executes the following steps: • Saturated-vapor steam at 300(psia) is heated at constant pressure to 900(oF). • It
Steam entering a turbine at 4,000 kPa and 400oC expands reversibly and adiabatically. (a) For what discharge pressure is the exit stream a saturated vapor? (b) For what discharge pressure is the
A steam turbine, operating reversibly and adiabatically, takes in superheated steam at 2.000 kPa and discharges at 50 kPa. (a) What is the minimum superheat required so that the exhaust contains no
An operating test of a steam turbine produces the following results. With steam supplied to the turbine at 1,350 kPa and 375oC. the exhaust front the turbine at 10 kPa is saturated vapor, Assuming
A steam turbine operates adiabatically with a steam rate of 25 kg s-1. The steam is supplied at 1,300 kPa and 400oC and discharges at 40 kPa and 100oC. Determine the power output of the turbine and
From steam-table data, estimate values for the residual properties VR, HR, and SR for steam at 225oC and 1.600 kPa, and compare with values found by a suitable generalized correlation?
From data in the steam tables: (a) Determine values for GI and GV for saturated liquid and vapor at 1,000 kPa. Should these be the same? (b) Determine values fur (Hiv and (Siv at 1,000 kPa- Should
From data in the steam tables: (а) Determine values for GI and Gv for saturated liquid and vapor at I50(psia). Should these be the same? (b) Determine values for (Hiv / T and (Siv at 150(psia).
Propane gas at 1 bar and 35oC is compressed to a final state of 135 bar and 195oC. Estimate the molar volume of the propane in the final state and the enthalpy and entropy changes for the process. In
Propane at 70oC and 101.33 kPa is compressed isothenually to 1,500 kPa. Estimate (H and (S for the process by suitable generalized correlations?
A stream of propane gas is partially liquefied by throttling from 200 bar and 370 K to 1 bar. What fraction of the gas is liquefied in this process? The vapor pressure of propane is given by Kq.
Estimate the molar volume, enthalpy, and entropy for 1.3-butadiene as a saturated vapor and as a saturated liquid at 280 K. The enthalpy and entropy arc set equal to zero for the ideal-gas state at
Estimate the molar volume, enthalpy, and entropy for n-butane as a saturated vapor and as a saturated liquid at 370 K. The enthalpy and entropy are set equal to zero for the ideal-gas state at 101,
The total steam demand of a plant over the period of an hour is 6,000 kg, but instantaneous demand fluctuates from 4.000 to 10.000 kg hr-1. Steady boiler operation at 6.000 kg hr~1 is accommodated by
Propylene gas at I27oC and 38 bar is throttled in a steady-state flow process to 1 bur, where it may be assumed to be an ideal gas. Estimate the final temperature of the propylene and its entropy
Propane gas at 22 bar and 423 K is throttled in a steady-state flow process to I bar. Estimate the entropy change of the propane caused by this process. In its final state, propane may be assumed to
Propane gas at 100oC is compressed isotbermally from an initial pressure of I bar to a final pressure of 10 bar. Estimate (H and (S?
Hydrogen sulfide gas is compressed from an initial state of 400 K and 5 bar to a final state of 600 K and 25 bar. Estimate (H and (S?
Carbon dioxide expands at constant enthalpy (as in a throttling process) from 1.600 kPa and 45oC to 101.33 kPa. Estimate AS for the process?
A stream of ethylene gas at 250oC and 3.800 kPa expands isentropically in a turbine to 120 kPa. Determine the temperature of the expanded gas and the work produced if the properties of ethylene are
A stream of ethane gas at 220° C and 30 bar expands isentropically in a turbine to 2.6 bar. Determine the temperature of the expanded gas and the work produced if the properties of ethane are
Estimate the final temperature and the work required when 1 mol of n-butane is compressed isentropically in a steady-flow process from 1 bar and 50oC to 7.8 bar?
Determine the maximum amount of work obtainable in a flow process from 1 kg of steam at 3.000 kPa and 450oC for surrounding conditions of 300 K and 101-33 kPa?
Liquid water at 325 K and 8.000 kPa flow into a boiler at the rate of kgs-1 and is vaporized, producing saturated vapor at 8,000 kPa. What is the maximum fraction of the heat added to the water in
Suppose the heat added to the water in the boiler in the preceding problem comes from a furnace at a temperature of 600oC. What h the total rate of entropy generation as a result of the heating
An ice plant produces 0.5 kg s-1 of flake ice at 0oC from water at 20 C (T() in a continuous process. If the latent heat of fusion of water is 333.4 kJ kg-1 and if the thermodynamic efficiency of the
An inventor has developed a complicated process for making heat continuously available at an elevated temperature. Saturated steam at 100oC is the only source of energy. Assuming that there is plenty
Two boilers, both operating at 200tpsia). discharge equal amounts of steam into the same steam main. Steam from the first boiler is superheated at 420(oF) and steam from the second is wet with a
Estimate the change in enthalpy and entropy when liquid ammonia at 270 K is compressed from its saturation pressure of 381 kPa to 1,200 kPa. For saturated liquid ammonia at 270 K, V1 = 1.551 ( 10-3
A rigid tank of 80(ft)3 capacity contains 4,180l (lbm) of saturated liquid water at 430(oF). This amount of liquid almost completely fills the tank, the small remaining volume being occupied by
A tank of 50-m3 capacity contains steam al 4.500 kPa and 400oC. Steam is vented from the tank through a relief valve to the atmosphere until the pressure in the tank falls to 3.500 kPa If the venting
A tank of 4-m1 capacity contains 1,500 kg of liquid water at 250oC in equilibrium with its vapor, which fills the rest of the tank. A quantity of 1.000 kg of water at 50oC is pumped into the tank.
Liquid nitrogen is stored in 0.5-m3 metal tanks that are thoroughly insulated. Consider the process of filling an evacuated tank, initially at 295 K. It is attached to a line containing liquid
A well-insulated tank of 50-m3 volume initially contains 16.000 kg of water distributed between liquid and vapor phases at 25oC Saturated, steam at 1.500 kPa is admitted to the tank until the
An insulated evacuated tank of 1.75-m3 volume is attached to a line containing steam at 400 kPa and 240oC Steam flows into the tank until the pressure in the tank reaches 400 kPa. Assuming no heal
A 2-m3 tank initially contains a mixture of saturated-vapor steam and saturated-liquid water at 3,000 kPa. Of the total mass, 10% is vapor. Saturated-liquid water is bled from the tank through a
A stream of water at 85oC, flowing at the rate of 5 kg s-l is formed by mixing water at 24oC with saturated steam at 400 kPa. Assuming adiabatic operation, at what rates are the steam and water fed
In a desuperheater, liquid water at 3,100 kPa and 50oC is sprayed into a stream of superheated steam at 3,000 kPa and 375oC in an amount such that a single stream of saturated-vapor steam at 2,900
Superheated steam at 700 kPa and 280oC flowing at the rate of 50 kg s-1 is mixed with liquid water at 40oC to produce steam at 700 kPa and 200 C. Assuming adiabatic operation, at what rate is water
Liquid isobulune is throttled through a valve from an initial state of 360 K and 4,000 kPla to a final pressure of 2,000 kPa. Estimate the temperature change and the entropv change of the isobutane.
A stream of air at 12 bar and 900 K is mixed with another stream of air at 2 bar and 400 K with 2.5 times the mass flowrate, If this process were accomplished reversibly and adiabatically, what would
Hot nitrogen gas at 750(oF) and atmospheric pressure flows into a waste-heat boiler at the rate of 40 (Ibm) (s)-1, and transfers heat to water boiling at l(atm). The water feed to the boiler Is
Hot nitrogen gas at 400oC and atmospheric pressure flows into a waste-heat boiler at the rate of 20 kg s-1, and transfers heal to water boiling at 101.33 kPa. The water feed to the boiler is
An equimolar mixture of methane and propane is discharged from a compressor at 5,500 kPa and 90oC at the rate of 1.4 kg s -1. If the velocity in the discharge line is not to exceed 30 m s - 1, what
Estimate VR, HR and SR for one of the following by appropriate generalized correlations: (а) 1, 3-Butadiene at 500 K and 20 bar. (h) Carbon dioxide at 400 K and 200 bar, (c) Carbon disulfide at 450
One kilogram of water (V1 = 1.003 cm3 kg-1) in a piston / cylinder device at 25oC and 1 bar is compressed in a mechanically reversible, isothermal process to 1.500 bar. Determine Q, W. (U, (H, and (5
Use steam tables to estimate a value of the acentric factor to for water, Compare the result with the value given in Table B.1?
The critical coordinates for tetrafluorncthane (refrigerant HPC-134a) arc given in Table B.l. and Table 9.1 (p. 3191 shows saturation properties for the same refrigerant. From these data determine
Air expands diabolically through a nozzle from a negligible initial velocity to a final velocity of 325 ms-1. What is the temperature drop of the air, if air is assumed to be an ideal gas for which
Steam expands adiabatically in a nozzle from inlet conditions of I304psial. 420 (oF), and a velocity of 230 (ft(s)-1 to a discharge pressure of 35 (psia) where its velocity is 2.000 (ft) (s)-1 what
Air discharges from an adiabatic nozzle at 15oC with a velocity of 580 ms-1. What is the temperature at the entrance of the nozzle if the entrance velocity is negligible? Assume air to be an ideal
Cool water at I5oC is throttled from 5(atm) to I (atm}, as in a kitchen faucet. What is the temperatures change of the water? What is the lost work per kilogram of water for this everyday household
A gas at upstream condition (T1 ,P1) is throttled in a downstream pressure of 1.2 bar. Use the Redlich / Kwong equation to estimate the downstream temperature and ΔS of the gas for one of the
A gas at upstream conditions given by one of the parts of Pb, 7.13 is throttled to a pressure of 1.2 bar. Use the Soave / Rcdlich / Kwong equation to estimate the downstream temperature and ΔS of
A gas at upstream conditions given by one of the parts of Pb. 7.13 is throttled to a pressure of 1.2 bar. Use the Peng / Robinson equation to estimate the downstream temperature and ΔS of the gas.
A steam turbine operates adiabatically at a power level of 3,500 kW, Steam enters the turbine at 2,400 kPa and 500oC and exhausts from the turbine as saturated vapor at 20 kPa. What is the steam rate
A turbine operates adiabatically with superheated steam entering at T1 and P1 with a mass flow rate m. The exhaust pressure is P2 and the turbine efficiency is ή. For OIK of the following sets of
Nitrogen gas initially at 8.5 bar expands isentropically to 1 bar and 150 C Assuming nitrogen to be an ideal gas, calculate the initial temperature and the work produced per mole of nitrogen.
Combustion products from a burner enter a gas turbine at 10 bar and 950oC and discharge at 1.5 bar. The turbine operates adiabatically with an efficiency of 775K assuming the combustion products to
Isobutane expands adiabatically in a turbine from 5,000 kPa and 250oC to 500 kPa at the rate of 0.7 kg mol s-1. If the turbine efficiency is 0.80, w hat is the power output of the turbine and what is
The steam rate to a turbine for variable output is controlled by a throttle valve in the inlet line. Steam is supplied to the throttle valve at 1.700 kPa and 225oC. During a test run, the pressure at
Carbon dioxide gas enters an adiabatic expander at 8 bar and 400oC and discharges at 1 bar. If the turbine efficiency is 0.75 what is the discharge temperature and what is the work output per mole of
Tests on an adiabatic gas turbine (expander) yield values for inlet conditions (1\, P\} and outlet conditions (73. P2). Assuming ideal gases with constant heat capacities, determine the turbine
The efficiency of a particular series of adiabatic gas turbines (expanders) correlates with power output according to the empirical expression: ή = 0.065 + 0.080 In |W|. Here. |W| is the absolute
A turbine operates adiabatically with superheated steam entering at 45 bar and 400oC If the exhaust steam must be "dry," what is the minimum allowable exhaust pressure for a turbine efficiency, ή =
Liquid water enters an adiabatic hydroturbine at 5(atm) and 15 C. and exhausts at l(atm), Estimate the power output of the turbine in J kg-1 of water if its efficiency is ή = 0.55. What is the
An expander operates adiabatically with nitrogen entering at T\ and P\ w ith a molar flow rate n. The exhaust pressure is 15. and the expander efficiency is IJ. Estimate the power output of the
What is the ideal-work rate for the expansion process of Ex. 7.6? What is the thermo-dynamic efficiency of the process? What is the rate of entropy generation SG? What is Wlost? Take Tσ = 300 K.
Exhaust gas at 400oC and 1 bar from internal-combustion engines flows at the rate of 125 mol s-1 into a waste-heat boiler where saturated steam is generated at a pressure of 1,200 kPa water enters
Saturated steam at 125 kPa is compressed adiabatically in a centrifugal compressor to 700 kPa at the rate of 2.5 kg s-1. The compressor efficiency is 78%. What is the power requirement of the
A compressor operates adiahatically with air entering at T and P\ with a molar flow rate A, The discharge pressure is F? and the compressor efficiency is >?. Estimate the power requirement of the
Ammonia gas is compressed from 21oC and 200 kPa to 1000 kPa in an adiabatic compressor with an efficiency of 0.82. Estimate the final temperature, the work required, and the entropy change of the
Propylene b compressed adiabatically from 113 bar and 30oC to I8 bar at the rate of 1 kg mol s-l. If the compressor efficiency is 0.8, what is the power requirement of the compressor and what is the
Methane is compressed adiabatically in a pipeline pumping station from 3500 kPa and 35 oC to 5500 kPa at the rate of 1.5 kg mol s-1. If the compressor efficiency is 0.78 what is the power requirement
What is the ideal work for the compression process of Ex. 7.9? What is the thermodynamic efficiency of the process? What are SG and Take Ta = 293.15 K.
Steam enters a nozzle at 800 kPa and 280o C at negligible velocity and discharges at a pressure of 525 kPa. Assuming isentropic expansion of the steam in the nozzle, what is the exit velocity and
Air at 1(aim) and 35°C is compressed in a staged reciprocating compressor (with inter cooling) to a final pressure of 50(atm). For each stage, the inlet gas temperature is 35oC and the maximum
Tests on an adiabatic gas compressor yield values for inlet conditions (T1, P2) and outlet conditions (T2. P2) Assuming ideal gases with constant heat capacities, determine the compressor efficiency
A pump operates adiabatically with liquid water entering at T1 and P1 with a mass flow rate m. The discharge pressure is P2 and the pump efficiency is ή. For one of the following sets of operating
What is the ideal work for the pumping process of Ex, 7, 10? What is the thermodynamic efficiency of the process? What is SG? What is Wlost? Take Tσ, = 300 K. In Exercise 7-10 Steam expands
Steam enters a converging nozzle at 800 kPa and 280 C with negligible velocity. If expansion is isentropic. What is the minimum pressure that can be reached in such a nozzle and what is the
One hundred (100) kmol hr -1of ethylene is compressed from 1.2 bar and 300 K to 6 bar by an electric motor driven compressor. Determine the capital cost C of the unit. Treat ethylene as an ideal gas
A stream of hydrocarbon gas at 500oC is cooled by continuously combining it with a stream of light oil in an adiabatic tower. The light oil enters as a liquid at 25oC; the combined stream leaves as a
Steam expands isentropically in a converging/diverging nozzle from inlet conditions of 1,400 kPa. 325oC and negligible velocity to a discharge pressure of 140 kPa. At the throat the cross-sectional

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