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Questions and Answers of Chemical Engineering

The basic cycle for a steam power plant is shown by Fig. 8.1. The turbine operates adiabatically with inlet steam at 6.800 kPa and 550oC and the exhaust steam enters the condenser at 50 C with a
An air-standard Diesel cycle absorbs 1.500 J mol-1 of heat
Calculate the efficiency for an air-standard gas-turbine cycle (the Bray ton cycle) operating with a pressure ratio of 3. Repeat for pressure ratios of 5. 7. and 9. Take γ = 1.35
Consider an air-standard cycle for the turbojet power plant shown in Fig. 8.13. The temperature and pressure of the air entering the compressor are 1 bar and 30oC. The pressure ratio in the
Most electrical energy in the United States is generated in large-scale power cycles through conversion of thermal energy to mechanical energy, which is then converted to electrical energy. Assume a
liquefied natural gas (LNG) is transported in very large tankers, stored as liquid in equilibrium with its vapor at approximately atmospheric pressure. If LNG is essentially pure methane, the storage
The oceans in the tropics have substantial surface-to-deep-water temperature gradients. Depending on location, relatively constant temperature differences of 15 to 25oC can obtain for depths of 500
A steam power plant operates on the cycle of Fig. 8,4, For one of the following sets of operating conditions, determine the steam rate, the heal-transfer rates in the boiler and condenser, and the
Steam enters the turbine of a power plant operating on the Rankine cycle (Fig. 8.3) at 3,300 kPa anti exhausts at 50 kPa. To show the effect of superheating on the performance of the cycle, calculate
Steam enters the turbine of a power plant operating on the Rankme cycle (Fig. 8.3) at 600 C and exhausts at 30 kPa. To show the effect of boiler pressure on the performance of the cycle, calculate
A steam power plant employs two adiabatic turbines in series. Steam enters the first turbine at 650oC and 7,000 kPa and discharges from the second turbine at 20 kpa. The system is designed for equal
A steam power plant operating on a regenerative cycle, as illustrated in Fig. 8.5, include just one feed water heater. Steam enters the turbine at 4.500 kPa and 500oC and exhausts at 20 kPa. Steam
A steam power plant operating on a regenerative cycle, as illustrated in Fig. 8,5, includes just one feed water healer. Steam enters the turbine at 650(psia) and 900(oF) and exhausts at 1(psia).
A vapor-compression refrigeration system operates on the cycle of Fig. 9,1. The refrigerant is water, Given that the evaporation t = 4°C. the condensation t = 34°C, η(compressors 0.76, and the
A refrigerator with tetrafluoroethane (Table 9.1. Fig. G.2) as refrigerant operates with an evaporation temperature of - 15(°F) and a condensation temperature of 80(°F). Saturated liquid
A vapor-compression refrigeration system is conventional except that a countercurrent heat exchanger is installed to subcool the liquid from the condenser by heal exchange with the vapor stream from
Consider the vapor-compression refrigeration cycle of Fig. 9.1 with tetrafluoroethane as refrigerant (Table 9.1, Fig. G.2). If the evaporation temperature is 10(°F), show the effect of condensation
A heat pump is used to heat a house in the winter and to cool it in the summer. During the winter, the outside air serves as a low -temperature heat source; during the summer, it acts as a
Dry methane is supplied by a compressor and precooling system to the cooler of a Linde liquid-methane system (Fig. 9.6) at 180 bar and 300 K. The low -pressure methane leaves the cooler at a
An advertisement is noted in a rural newspaper for a dairy-barn unit that combine* a milk cooler with a water heater. Milk must, of course, be refrigerated, and hot water is required for washing
A two-stage cascade refrigeration system (see Fig. 93) operates between TC = 210 K and TH = 305 K. Intermediate temperatures are T'C = 255 K and T'H = 260 K. Coefficients of performance ω of each
The contents of the freezer in a home refrigerator are maintained at - 20°C. The kitchen temperature is 20°C. If heal leaks amount to 125.000 U per day and if electricity costs $0.08/k Whr,
A furnace fails in a home in the winter. Mercifully, the electric power remains on. The resident engineer (ells her spouse not to worry; they'll move into the kitchen, where the heat discarded from
Fifty (50) kmol hr-1 of liquid toluene al 1.2 bar is cooled from 100 to 2°C. A vapor- compression refrigeration cycle is used for the purpose. Ammonia is the working fluid. Condensation in the
Consider the startup of a refrigerator. Initially, the contents are at the same temperature as the surroundings: TC0 = TH where TH is the (constant) surroundings temperature. With the passage of
A Carnot engine is coupled to a Carnot refrigerator so that all of the work produced by the engine is used by the refrigerator in extraction of beat from a heat reservoir at 0°C at the rate of 35 kJ
A refrigeration system requires l.5 kW of power for a refrigeration rate of 4 kJ s-1. (a) What is the coefficient of performance? (b) How much heat is rejected in the condenser? (c) If heat rejection
A vapor-compression refrigeration system operates on the cycle of Fig. 9.1. The refrigerant is tetrafluomethane (Table 9.1. Fig, G.2). For one of the following sets of operating conditions, determine
Assuming the validity of R a null's law, do the following calculations for the benzene(1) / toluene(2) system: (а) Given x1 = 0.33 and T = 100°C. find y1 and P, (b) Given y1 = 0.33 and T = HXFC.
Do alt four pans of Pb.10.9. and compare the results. Discuss any trends that appear.
A binary mixture of mole fraction zj is flashed (o conditions T and P, Fur one of the following determine: the equilibrium mole fractions x1 and y1 of the liquid and vapor phases formed, the molar
A concentrated binary solution containing mostly species 2 (but x2 ≠ 1) is in equilibrium with a vapor phase containing both species 1 and 2. The pressure of this two-phase system is l bar, the
A binary system of species l and 2 consists of vapor and liquid phase* in equilibrium at temperature T. The overall mole fraction of species I in the sy stem is d = 0.65. At temperature T. • In γ1
For the system ethyl ethunoale (1) in-heptane(2) at 343.15 K, • lnyj = Q.95x; Inyj =055*J. • P1sat = 79.80 kPa P2sat = 40.50 kPa, Assuming the validity of Eq. (10.5). (a) Make a BUBL P
A liquid mixture of cyclohexanone(1)/phenol(2) for which x1 = 0.6 i& in equilibrium with its vapor at 144°C. Determine the equilibrium pressure P and vapor composition y1 from the following
A binary system of species 1 and 2 consists of vapor and liquid phases in equilibrium at temperature T for which • In y1 = 1.8x22 In y2 = 1.821. • P1sat = 1.24 bar P2sat = 0.89 bar. Assuming the
Assuming Raoult's law to be valid. prepare a P-x-y diagram foe a temperature of 90°C and a t-x-y diagram for a pressure of 90 kPa for one of the following systems: (a)
For the acetone (1)/methanol(2) system a vapor mixture for which z1 = 0,25 and z2 = 0.75 is cooled to temperature T in the two-phase region and flow* into a separation chamber at a pressure of 1 bar.
A process stream contains light species 1 and heavy species 2. A relatively pure liquid stream containing mostly 2 is desired, obtained by a single-stage liquid/vapor separation. Specifications on
Assuming the validity of the De Priester charts, make the following VLE calculations for the methane(1)/cthylenc(2)/elhand(3) system: (a) BVBL P. given x1 = 0.10. x2 = 0.50, and t = -60(°F). (b) DEW
Assuming the validity of the De Priester charts, make the following VLE calculations far the ethane (1)/propane(2)/isobutane(3)/isopentane(4) system: (a) BVBL P, given x1 = 0.10, x2 = 0.20. x3 =
The stream from a gas well is a mixture containing 50-mol-% methane. 10-mol-% ethane, 20-mol-% propane, and 20-mol-% n-butane. This stream is fed into a partial condenser maintained at a pressure of
An equimolar mixture of n-butane and n-hexane at pressure P is brought 10 a temperature of 95°C, where it exists as a vapor/liquid mixture in equilibrium. If the mole fraction of n-hexane in the
A mixture - 25-mol-% n-pentane, 45-mol-% n-hexane, and 30-mol% n-heptane- is brought to a condition of 200(F) and 2(atm). What molar fraction of the system is liquid, and what are the phase
Assuming Raoult's law to apply to the system n-pentane (1) In-hcptand(2), (a) What arc the values of x1 and y1 at t = 55°C und P = 1/2 (P1sat + P2sat)? For these conditions plot the fraction of
A mixture containing 15-mol-% ethane, 35-mol-% propane, and 50-mol-% n-butane is brought to a condition of 40 C at pressure P. If the molar fraction of liquid in the system is 0.40, what is pressure
A mixture consisting of 1-mol-% ethane, 5-mol-% propane. 44-mol-% n-butane, and 50-mol-% isobutanc is brought to a condition of 70(°F) at pressure P. If the molar fraction of the system that is
A mixture comprised of 30-mol-% methane, 10-mol-% ethane, 30-mol-% propane, and 30-mol-% n-butane is brought to a condition of - 15°C at pressure P, where it exists as a vapor/liquid mixture in
The top tray of a distillation column and the condenser arc at a pressure of 20(psia). The liquid on the top tray is an equimolar mixture of n-butane and n-pentane. The vapor from (he top (ray.
n-Butane is separated from an equimolar methane/n-butane gas mixture by compression of the gas to pressure P at 40°C. If 40% of (he feed on a mole basis is condensed, what is pressure P (in hurl and
The NIST Chemistry WebBook reports critically evaluated Henry's constants for selected chemicals in water at 25°C. Henry's constants from this source, denoted here by k1. appear in the VLE equation
(a) A feed containing equimolar amounts of acctonc(1) and acetonitrile(2) is throttled to pressure P and temperature T. For what pressure range (atm) will two phases (liquid and vapor) he formed for
A binary mixture of benzene(1) and toluene(2) is flashed to 75 kPa and 90°C. Analysis of the effluent liquid and vapor streams from the separator yields: x1 = 0.1604 and y1 = 0,2919. An operator
Ten (10) kmol hr-1 of cool flue gas at 100°C is further cooled to 25°C Pressure is constant at 1 (atm). What is the rate of heat transfer for the process? Initial composition of the flue gas: yo2 =
A light hydrocarbon mixture containing 5 mol-% propane. 85 mol-% n-butane, and 10 mol-% n-pentane is stored as a liquid under its vapor pressure in a refrigerated tank. Available refrigeration keeps
Rework Pb. 10.3 for one of the follow ing: (a) i = 65°C: (b) t = 75°C; (c) t = 85°C: (d) t = 95°C.
Ten (10) kmol hr-1 of hydrogen sulfide gas is burned with the stoichiometric amount of pure oxygen in a special unit. Reactants enter as gases at 25°C and 1(atm). Products leave as two streams in
Physiological studies show the neutral comfort level (NCL) of moist air to correspond to an absolute humidity of about 0.01 kg H2O per kg of dry air. (a) What is the vapor-phase mole fraction of H2O
An industrial dehumidifier accepts 50 kmol hr-1 of moist air with a dewpoint of 20°C Conditioned air leaving the dehumidifier has a dewpoint temperature of 10°C. At what rate (kg hr-1) is liquid
Vapor/liquid-equilibrium azeotropy is impossible for binary systems rigorously described by Raoult's law (Pb. 10.5). For real systems (those with yi ≠ 1). azeotropy is inevitable at temperatures
A single-stage liquid/vapor separation for the benzene (1)/ethylbenzene(2) system must produce phases of the following equilibrium compositions. For one of these sets, determine the T and P in the
Do all four parts of Pb. 10.7, and compare the results. The required temperatures and pressures vary significantly. Discuss possible processing implications of die various temperature and pressure
A mixture containing equimolar amounts of benzene (1), toluene (2) and ethylben-zeoc(3) is flashed to conditions T and P. For one of the conditions following determine the equilibrium mole fractions
For one of the following, determine the ratio of the fugacity in the Final slate to that in the initial state tor steam undergoing the isothermal change of stale: (a) From 9.000 kPu and 400°C to 300
Estimate the fugacity of one of the following liquids at its normal-boiling-point temperature and 200 bar: (a) n-Pentane: (b) Isobutylene: (c) 1-Butene.
Assuming that Eq. (11.68) is value for the vapor phase and that the molar volume of saturated liquid is given by Eq. (3.72), prepare plots of f vs. P and of 0 vs. P for one of the following: (a)
For the system ethylene(1)/propylene(l) as a gas. estimate f1, f2, ϕ1, and ϕ2 at t = 150°C, P = 30 bar, and y1 = 0 35: (a) Through application of Eqs. (11.63). (b) Assuming that the mixture is an
For the system methane(1)/ethane(2)/propone(3) as a gas. estimate f1. F2, f3, ϕ1. ϕ2. und ϕ3 at r = 100°C. P = 35 bar, y1 = 0.21. and y2 = 0.43: (а) Through application of Eq. (11.64). (b)
The excess Gibbs energy of u binary liquid mixture at T and P is given by: GR/RT = (- 2.6x1 - l.8x2)x1x2 Find expressions for In y1 and In y2 at T and P. (a) Show that when these expressions are
A stream of nitrogen flowing at the rate of 2 kg s-1 and a stream of hydrogen flowing at the rate of 0.5 kg s-l mix adiabatically in a steady-flow process. If the gases are assumed ideal, what is the
The data in Table 11.2 are experimental values of VE for binary liquid mixtures of l,3-dioxolane(l) and isooctane(2) at 298.15 K and l(atm). (a) Determine from the data numerical values of parameters
For an equimolar vapor mixture of propane(l) anti n-pentane(2) at 75°C and 2 bar. estimate Z, HR. and SR, Second virial coefficients, in cm3 mol-1:Equations (3.38), (6.55). (6.36). and (11.62)
Use the data of Pb. 11.33 to deiermine ϕ1 and ϕ2 as functions of composition for binary vapor mixtures of propane(1) and n-pentane(2) at 75°C and 2 bar. Plot the results on a single graph, Discuss
For a binary gas mixture described by Kqs, (3,381 and (l l.62l. prove that:See also Eq, (11.87), and note that Î´12 = 2B12 - B11 - B22.
What is the ideal work for the separation of an equimolar mixture of methane and ethane at 175°C and 3 bar in a steady-flow process into product streams of the pure gases at 35°C and 1 bar if Ta =
What is the work required for the separation of air (21-mol-% oxygen and 79-mol-% nitrogen) at 25°C and 1 bar in a steady-flow process into product streams of pure oxygen and nitrogen, also at 25°C
What is the change in entropy when 0.7 m3 of CO2 and 0.3 m3 of N2, each at 1 bar and 25 C blend to form a gas mixture at the same conditions? Assume ideal gases
From the following compressibility-factor data for CO2 at 150°C prepare plots of the fugacity surd fugacity coefficient of CO2 vs, P tor pressures up to 500 bar. Compare results with those found
For SO2 at 600 K and 300 bur. determine good estimates of the fugacity and of GR/RT.
Estimate the fugacity of isobutylene as a gas: (a) At 280°C and 20 bar; (b) At 280°C and 100 bar.
Estimate the fugacity of one of the following: (a) Cyclopentane at 110°C and 275 bar. At 110°C the vapor pressure to cyclopcntane is 5.267 bar. (A) 1-Butene at 120°C and 34 bar, At 120°C the
A vessel, divided into two parts by a partition, contains 4 mol of nitrogen gas at 75°C and 30 bar on one side und 2.5 mol of argon gas at 130°C and 20 bar on the other. If the partition is removed
From data in the steam tables, determine a good estimate for f/fsat for liquid water at 150°C and 150 bar, where fsat is the fugacity of saturated liquid at 150°C.
A liquid solution contains 1 mol of CaCl2 and 25 mol of water. Using data from Pb. 12.37, determine the heat effect when an additional 1 mol of CaCl2 is dissolved isothermally in this solution.In
Solid CaCl2∙6HbO and liquid water at 25°C are mixed adiabatically in a continuous process to form a brine of 15-wt-% CaCb. Using data from Pb. 12.37, determine the temperature of the brine
If the heat of mixing at temperature to is A Ho and if the heat of mixing of the same solution at temperature t is AH, show that the two heats of mixing are related by:where ˆ†Cp is the
What is the heat effect when 150(lbm) of H2SO4 is mixed with 350(lbm) of an aqueous solution containing 25-wt-% H2SO4 in an isothermal process at 100(°F)?
For a 50-wt-% aqueous solution of H2SO4 at 140(°F), what is the excess enthalpy HE in (Btu)(lbm)-1?
A mass of 400(lbm) of 35-wl-% aqueous NaOH solution at 130(°F) is mixed with 175(lbm) of 10-wt-% solution at 200(°F). (a) What is the heat effect if the final temperature is 80(°F)? (b) If the
A single-effect evaporator concentrates a 20-wt-% aqueous solution of H2SO4 to 70%. The feed rate is 25(lbm)(s)-1, and the feed temperature is 80(°F). The evaporator is maintained at an absolute
What temperature results when sufficient NaOH(s) at 68(°F) is dissolved adiabatically in a 10-wt-% aqueous NaOH solution, originally at 80(°F), to bring the concentration up to 35%?
What is the heat effect when sufficient SO3(ℓ) at 25°C is reacted with H2O at 25°C to give a 50-wt-% H2SO4 solution at 60°C?
A mass of 140(lbm) of 15-wt-% solution of H2SO4 in water at 160(°F) is mixed atmospheric pressure with 230(lbm) of 80-wt-% H2SO4 at 100(°F). During the process heat in the amount of 20,000(Btu) is
An insulated tank, open to the atmosphere, contains l,500(lbm) of 40-wt-% sulfuric acid at 60(°F). It is heated to 180(°F) by injection of live saturated steam at 1 (atm), which fully condenses in
Saturated steam at 40(psia) is throttled to l(atm) and mixed adiabatically with (and condensed by) 45-wt-% sulfuric acid at 80(°F) in a flow process that raises the temperature of the acid to
A batch of 40-wt-% NaOH solution in water at atmospheric pressure and 80(°F) is heated in an insulated tank by injection of live steam drawn through a valve from a line containing saturated steam at
For a 35-wt-% aqueous solution of H2SO4 at 100(°F), what is the heat of mixing AH in (Btu) (lbm)-1?
If pure liquid H2SO4 at 80(°F) is added adiabatically to pure liquid water at 80(°F) to form a 40-wt-% solution, what is the final temperature of the solution?
A liquid solution containing 2(lb mol) H2SO4 and 15(lb mol) H2O at 100(°F) absorbs 1 (lb mol) of SO3 (g), also at 100(°F), forming a more concentrated sulfuric acid solution. If the process occurs
Determine the heat of mixing AH of sulfuric acid in water and the partial specific enthalpies of H2SO4 and H2O for a solution containing 65-wt-% H2SO4 at 77(°F).

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