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Questions and Answers of Biology

At age 14 months, Reggie built a block tower and gleefully knocked it down. But at age 2, he called to his mother and pointed proudly at his tall block tower. What explains this change in Reggie's
Describe emotionally reactive and easy-going children's differential susceptibility to rearing experiences. Why are emotionally reactive children who receive warm, supportive parenting at especially
Explain how findings on ethnic and gender differences in temperament illustrate gene-environment correlation, discussed on page 84 in Chapter 2.
Mandy and Jeff are parents of 2-year-old inhibited Sam and 3-year-old emotionally reactive Maria. Explain the importance of effortful control to Mandy and Jeff, and suggest ways they can strengthen
What factors explain stability in attachment pattern for some children and change for others? Are these factors also involved in the link between attachment in infancy and later development? Explain.
Describe factors that contribute to sleep problems during the preschool years.
Using research on malnutrition or on unintentional injuries, show how physical growth and health in early childhood result from a continuous, complex interplay between heredity and environment.
One day, Leslie prepared a new snack to serve at preschool: celery stuffed with ricotta cheese and pineapple. The first time she served it, few children touched it. How can Leslie encourage her
Describe typical changes in children's drawings in early childhood, along with factors that contribute to those changes. Why are children from Asian cultures advanced in drawing skills?
What aspects of brain development support the tremendous gains in language, thinking, and motor control of early childhood?
How are experiences that best support preschoolers' gross-motor development consistent with experience-expectant brain growth of the early years. (Return to page169in Chapter 5 to review.)
Mabel and Chad want to do everything they can to support their 3-year-old daughter's athletic development. What advice would you give them?
What stand on the nature-nurture issue do findings on development of handedness support? Explain, using research findings.
Dental checkups revealed a high incidence of untreated tooth decay in a U.S. preschool program serving low-income children. Using findings presented in this and previous chapters, list possible
Select two of the following features of preoperational thought: egocentrism, a focus on perceptual appearances, difficulty reasoning about transformations, and lack of hierarchical classification.
Cite evidence on the development of preschoolers' memory, theory of mind, and literacy and mathematical understanding that is consistent with Vygotsky's sociocultural theory.
Lena wonders why her 4-year-old son Gregor's teacher provides extensive playtime in learning centers during each preschool day. Explain to Lena how adult-supported play can promote literacy and math
What findings indicate that child-centered rather than academic preschools and kindergartens are better suited to fostering academic development?
Compare outcomes resulting from preschool intervention programs with those from interventions beginning in infancy. Which are more likely to lead to lasting cognitive gains? Explain.
Your senator has heard that IQ gains resulting from Head Start do not last, so he plans to vote against additional funding. Write a letter explaining why he should support Head Start.
Provide a list of recommendations for promotinglanguage development in early childhood, noting research that supports each.
Explain how children's strategies for word learning support the interactionist perspective on language development, described on page 234in Chapter 6.
Sammy's mother explained to him that the family would take a vacation in Miami. The next morning, Sammy announced, "I gotted my bags packed. When are we going to Your-ami?" What explains Sammy's
Make-believe play promotes both cognitive and social development (see page 313). Explain why this is so.
Three-year-old Will understands that his tricycle isn't alive and can't feel or move on its own. But at the beach, while watching the sun dip below the horizon, Will exclaimed, "The sun is tired.
Describe features of social interaction that support children's cognitive development. How does such interaction create a zone of proximal development?
Explain how Piaget's and Vygotsky's theories complement each other. How would classroom practices inspired by these theories be similar? How would they differ?
Tanisha sees her 5-year-old son Toby talking aloud to himself as he plays. She wonders whether she should discourage this behavior. Use Vygotsky's theory to explain why Toby talks to himself. How
Describe a typical 4-year-old's understanding of mental activities, noting both strengths and limitations.
Why is self-esteem typically extremely high in early childhood?
What experiences help preschoolers differentiate moral imperatives, social conventions, and matters of personal choice?
What must parents do to foster conscience development in fearless, impulsive children? How does this illustrate the concept of goodness of fit (see pages 259-260 in Chapter 7)?
Alice and Wayne want their two young children to become morally mature, caring individuals. List some parenting practices that they should use and some they should avoid.
Explain how the social environment and young children's cognitive limitations contribute to rigid gender stereotyping in early childhood.
In addition to gender-stereotyped beliefs, what other aspects of young children's social understanding tend to be rigid and one-sided in early childhood?
List findings indicating that language and communication-between parents and children, between teachers and children, and between peers-powerfully affect children's gender typing. What
Summarize findings on ethnic variations in child-rearing styles. Is the concept of authoritative parenting useful for understanding effective parenting across cultures? Explain.
Joshua wants to know how he can help his 3-year-old daughter build a positive self-concept. Provide several recommendations.
Which child-rearing style is most likely to be associated with inductive discipline, and why?
Chandra heard a news report about 10 severely neglected children, living in squalor in an inner-city tenement. She wondered, "Why would parents so mistreat their children?" How would you answer
Cite ways that parenting contributes to preschoolers' self-concept, self-esteem, emotional understanding, emotional self-regulation, self-conscious emotions, and empathy and sympathy. Do you see any
On a hike with his family, 5-year-old Ryan became frightened when he reached a very steep section of the trail. His father gently helped him climb up while saying, "Can you be brave? Being brave is
How is social competence related to children's school readiness, and what can early childhood teachers do to promote positive peer relations?
Illustrate the influence of temperament on social problem solving by explaining how an impulsive child and a shy child might respond at each social problem-solving step in Figure 10.1 on page 370.
Three-year-old Ben lives in the country, with no other preschoolers nearby. His parents wonder whether it is worth driving Ben into town once a week to participate in a peer play group. What advice
On Saturdays, 10-year-old Billy gathers with friends on the driveway of his house to play basketball. Besides improved ball skills, what else is he learning?
Nine-year-old Allison thinks she isn't good at sports, and she doesn't like physical education class. Suggest some strategies her teacher can use to improve her pleasure and involvement in physical
Relate secular trends in physical growth to the concept of cohort effects, discussed on page 41 in Chapter 1.
Joey complained to his mother that it wasn't fair that his younger sister Lizzie was almost as tall as he was. He worried that he wasn't growing fast enough. How should Rena respond to Joey's concern?
Select one of the following health problems of middle childhood: obesity, myopia, bedwetting, asthma, or unintentional injuries. Explain how both genetic and environmental factors contribute to it.
Children who were undernourished in the early years are more likely to become overweight when their food environments improve. Explain how this finding illustrates epigenesis, described on page 86in
Nine-year-old Talia is afraid to hug and kiss her grandmother, who has cancer. What explains Talia's mistaken belief that the same behaviors that cause colds to spread might lead her to catch cancer?
Explain the adaptive value of rough-and-tumble play and dominance hierarchies.
Children's performance on conservation tasks illustrates a continuum of acquisition of logical concepts. Review the preceding sections, and list additional examples of gradual development of
Explain how dynamic assessment is consistent with Vygotsky's zone of proximal development and with scaffolding (see Chapter 9, pages 323-324).
Josefina, a Hispanic fourth grader, does well on homework assignments. But when her teacher announces, "It's time for a test to see how much you've learned," Josefina usually does poorly. How might
Cite examples of how metalinguisticawareness fosters school-age children's language progress.
How can bilingual education promote ethnic minority children's cognitive and academic development?
After soccer practice, 10-year-old Shana remarked, "I'm wiped out!" Megan, her 5-year-old sister, responded, "What did'ya wipe out?" Explain Shana's and Megan's different understandings.
List some teaching practices that foster children's academic achievement and some that undermine it. For each practice, explain why it is or is not effective.
Sandy wonders why her daughter Mira's teacher often has students work on assignments in small, cooperative groups. Explain the benefits of this approach to Sandy. What must Mira's teacher do to
Explain how advances in perspective taking contribute to school-age children's improved ability to draw and use maps.
Nine-year-old Adrienne spends many hours helping her father build furniture in his woodworking shop. How might this experience facilitate Adrienne's advanced performance on Piagetian seriation
Cite evidence indicating that school-age children view the mind as an active, constructive agent.
After viewing a slide show on endangered species, second and fifth graders in Lizzie and Joey's school were asked to remember as many animals as they could. Explain why fifth graders recalled much
Lizzie knows that if you have difficulty learning part of a task, you should devote extra attention to that part. But she plays each of her piano pieces from beginning to end instead of practicing
Using Sternberg's triarchic theory and Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, explain the limitations of current mental tests in assessing the diversity of human intelligence.
How do cultural values, parent and teacher communication, and attribution styles affectself-esteem in middle childhood?
Describe similarities in development of self-concept, attitudes toward racial and ethnic minorities, and gender-stereotyped beliefs in middle childhood.
What changes in parent-child and teacher-child relationships are likely to help rejected children?
Describe and explain changes in sibling relationships during middle childhood.
How does each level in Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory-microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem-contribute to effects of parents' employment on children's development?
Steve and Marissa are in the midst of an acrimonious divorce. Their 9-year-old son Dennis has become hostile and defiant. How can Steve and Marissa help Dennis adjust?
When children must testify in court cases, what factors increase the chances of accurate reporting?
Explain how results of the 4Rs program illustrate the concept of developmental cascade.
Claire told her 6-year-old daughter to be very careful never to talk to or take candy from strangers. Why is Claire's warning unlikely to protect her daughter from sexual abuse?
What cognitive changes, described in Chapter 12 (pages440-441), support the transition to a self-concept emphasizing competencies, personality traits, and social comparisons?
Should parents try to promote children's self-esteem by telling them they're "smart" or "wonderful"? Are children harmed if they do not feel good about everything they do? Explain.
How does emotional self-regulation improve in middle childhood? What implications do these advances have for children's self-esteem?
Cite examples of how older children's capacity to take more information into account enhances their emotional understanding, perspective taking, and moral understanding.
Ten-year-old Marla says her classmate Bernadette will never get good grades because she's lazy. Jane believes that Bernadette tries but can't concentrate because her parents are divorcing. Why is
Return to page389 in Chapter 10, and review the concept of androgyny. Which of the two sexes is more androgynous in middle childhood, and why?
Faced with the complexity of nature, ecologists have divided the field of ecology into subdisciplines, each of which focuses on one of the levels of organization pictured in figure 1.1. What is the
What are the pitfalls of subdividing nature in the way it is represented in figure 1.1? In what ways does figure 1.1 misrepresent nature?
What could you do to verify that the distinct feeding zones used by the warblers studied by MacArthur (see fig. 1.3) are the result of ongoing competition between the different species of warblers?
Although Nalini Nadkarni's studies of the rain forest canopy addressed a question related to ecosystem structure, the patterns of nutrient storage in rain forest canopy resulted from the biology of
Daniel Janzen (1981a, 1981b) proposed that the seeds of the guanacaste tree were once dispersed by several species of large mammals that became extinct following the end of the Pleistocene about
To date, which biomes have been the most heavily affected by humans? Which seem to be the most lightly affected? How would you assess human impact? How might these patterns change during this
Describe global patterns of atmospheric heating and circulation. What mechanisms produce high precipitation in the tropics? What mechanisms produce high precipitation at temperate latitudes? What
Use what you know about atmospheric circulation and seasonal changes in the sun's orientation to earth to explain the highly seasonal rainfall in the tropical dry forest and tropical savanna biomes.
We focused much of our discussion of biomes on their latitudinal distribution. The reasonably predictable relationship among latitude and temperature and precipitation provides a link between
How is the physical environment on mountains at midlatitudes similar to that in tropical alpine zones? How do these environments differ?
English and other European languages have terms for four seasons: spring, summer, autumn, and winter. This vocabulary summarizes much of the annual climatic variation at midlatitudes in temperate
Biologists have observed much more similarity in species composition among boreal forests and among areas of tundra in Eurasia and North America than among tropical rain forests or among
Review the distribution of water among the major reservoirs of the hydrologic cycle. What are the major sources of freshwater? Explain why according to some projections availability of freshwater may
Biological interactions may also affect lake systems. How does the recent history of the Great Lakes suggest that the kinds of species that inhabit a lake influence the nature of the lake environment
Below about 600 to 1,000 m in the oceans there is no sunlight. However, many of the fish and invertebrates at these depths have eyes. In contrast, fish living in caves are often blind. What selective
How does feeding by urchins, which prey on young corals, improve establishment by young corals? Use a diagram outlining interactions among urchins, corals, and algae to help in the development of
How might a history of exposure to wide environmental fluctuation affect the physiological tolerances of intertidal species compared to close relatives in subtidal and oceanic environments? How might
How might oxygen concentration of interstitial water be related to the grain size of the sand or mud sediment? How might the oxygen concentrations of tide pools in sheltered bays compare to those on

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