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medical sciences
biology

Questions and Answers of Biology

Explain the roles of the first-line drugs versus the second-line drugs in the treatment of tuberculosis.
Compare and contrast the method for determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) with the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion test.
Figure 20.12 shows the E-test procedure for determining an MIC value. How would the zone of inhibition appear if the drug concentrations in the strip were decreased slightly?
Why is it significant?
Why is acyclovir converted to a nucleotide analog only in cells infected with herpes simplex virus?
What caused the rise in TB incidence between 1988 and 1994?
Why is prolonged treatment necessary for tuberculosis?
Why would it be important for the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion test to use a standard concentration of the bacterial strain being tested? Discuss.
Explain how using a combination of two antimicrobial drugs helps prevent the development of spontaneously resistant mutants. Discuss.
Define and contrast the terms chemotherapeutic agent, antimicrobial drug, and antibiotic. Discuss.
A physician is advising the family on the condition of a diphtheria patient. How would the physician explain why the disease affects some tissues and not others?
Why did it take so long to discover the cause of Legionnaires' disease?
How should a physician respond to a mother who asks if her daughter can get pneumococcal pneumonia again?
Medications that prevent and treat influenza by binding to neuraminidase on the viral surface act against all the kinds of influenza viruses that infect humans. What does this imply about the nature
Describe two ways to decrease the chance of contracting a cold.
Why does the incidence of whooping cough rise promptly when pertussis immunizations are stopped?
What processes cause this rash?
Describe four characteristics of skin that help it resist infection.
Why do you think it is so more difficult to treat nail infections than other superficial dermatophytoses?
Why is it a good idea to immunize both boys and girls against rubella?
A school administrator in a small Iowa community prohibited a child with chickenpox from attending school. He said this was the first case of chickenpox in the school in 6 years and he did not want
A public health official was asked to speak about immunization during a civic group luncheon. One parent asked if rubella was still a problem. In answering the question, the official cautioned women
When Lyme disease was first being investigated, the observation that frequently only one person in a household was infected was a clue leading to the discovery that the disease was spread by
Why might it be more difficult to eliminate a disease like Lyme disease or Rocky Mountain spotted fever from the earth than rubeola or rubella?
What is characteristic about the rash of varicella?
What is the relationship between chickenpox (varicella) and shingles (herpes zoster)?
Why are many cases of measles complicated by secondary infections?
Give two reasons why an abscess might not respond to antibiotic treatment. Discuss.
In what way would the incidence of tetanus at various ages in a developing country differ from age incidence in developed ountries?
Outline the pathogenesis of tetanus.
Why is an infected person with diarrhea less likely to transmit giardiasis than one who has formed stools?
How does the epidemiology of Salmonella gastroenteritis differ from that of typhoid fever?
What enzyme produced by Helicobacter pylori helps it survive in stomach acid?
In what type of cell does HSV-1 persist?
One reason given by Peruvian officials for not chlorinating their water supply is that chlorine can react with substances in water or in the intestine to produce carcinogens. How do you assess the
Contrast the cause and epidemiology of giardiasis and amebiasis.
Describe the process of periodontal disease.
How does Helicobacter pylori cause stomach ulcers?
Why does the lack of a brown color in feces indicate hepatitis?
Mutant strains of Helicobacter pylori that lack the ability to produce urease fail to cause infection when they are swallowed. Infection occurs, however, if a tube is used to introduce them directly
How do Shigella cells move from one host cell to another even though they are non-motile?
Can a baby have congenital syphilis without its mother ever having had signs and symptoms of syphilis? Explain.
Why does scarring of a fallopian tube increase the risk of an ectopic pregnancy?
What are the possible consequences of sexually transmitted papillomavirus infections for men, women, and babies?
What is the relationship between being "easily killed by drying" and "transmission usually by sexual contact"?
Why was the incidence of staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome higher in menstruating women than in other people during the early 1980s?
Former President Ronald Reagan once commented at a press conference that the best way to combat the spread of AIDS in the United States was to prohibit everyone from having sexual contact for 5
In early attempts to identify and isolate the cause of syphilis, various bacteria in the discharge from syphilitic lesions in experimental animals were isolated in pure culture. None of them,
Why is it difficult to cure AIDS patients of a fungal infection?
Why are AIDS patients so vulnerable to cryptococcal meningoencephalitis?
How can one explain repeated, abrupt increases in T. brucei in the blood of African sleeping sickness victims?
Differentiate between the two types of Hansen's disease.
Why are so many infant botulism cases associated with honey?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of the Sabin polio vaccine?
Why is rabies now rare in humans when it is still so common in wildlife?
An outbreak of viral meningitis in a small eastern city was linked epidemiologically to a group who swam a non-chlorinated pool in an abandoned quarry outside of town. What might public health
Two microbiologists are writing a textbook, but they cannot agree where to place the discussion of botulism. One favored the chapter on nervous system infections, whereas the other insisted on the
What measures can be undertaken to prevent neonatal meningitis?
Give two ways in which viral meningitis usually differs from bacterial meningitis.
What is the difference between sporadic encephalitis and epidemic encephalitis? Name one cause of each.
Explain why the biggest impact of poliomyelitis in the 1950s occurred in countries with good sanitation.
Compare Ebola, Marburg, and Chikungunya hemorrhagic fevers in terms of symptoms, transmission, and prevention.
Why is malaria contracted from a blood transfusion easier to treat than that contracted from a mosquito?
Some years ago, dentists and doctors began noticing an association between subacute bacterial endocarditis and prior dental work, and they began advising that an antibiotic be administered at the
A healthcare worker in Honduras is concerned about a potential outbreak of yellow fever in his town. A laborer from a jungle area known to be endemic for the disease had come to the town 2 weeks
The finding that there is an association between Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection and arteriosclerotic lesions raised hopes that new methods to combat arteriosclerosis could be developed. An
Even though genetically engineered mosquitoes might be developed that do not allow the reproduction of malaria protozoa, these mosquitoes would have little, if any, immediate effect on the spread of
What is the difference between HIV, HIV disease, and AIDS?
An epidemiologist from the CDC was presenting a report on the status of AIDS to a congressional committee. In concluding her remarks, she noted that from an epidemiological perspective it was more
A historian researching the influence of society on the spread of communicable disease began to speculate on what it would be like if AIDS had appeared at a different time. What differences might one
Vaccines have effectively prevented many viral diseases. Attempts over many years to develop an effective vaccine against HIV disease and AIDS, however, have so far met with little success. Why is
Why might the infant son of a hemophiliac man develop AIDS when the son's parents were strictly monogamous non-abusers of drugs?
Why are the middle layers of the mat reddish-pink? Why are the lower layers black?
What are the roles of primary producers, consumers, and decomposers?
Why do farmers try to prevent nitrification?
Describe the differences between a rumen and a cecum.
Describe the differences between a rumen and a cecum. Discuss.
Describe how the BOD of a water sample is determined.
Describe the use of bioremediation in the cleanup of oil spills.
A developer is interested in building vacation homes on 150 acres of oceanfront property. A priority is to retain as much natural beauty of the area as possible. Safe and effective wastewater
Compare and contrast the activated sludge process and the trickling filter system used in secondary treatment of wastewater.
The accompanying figure shows the effects of different treatments of drinking water on the incidence of typhoid fever in Philadelphia, 1890-1935. If filtration of drinking water caused such a
How does a septic system work?
In treating an oil spill, why might biostimulation be preferred over bioaugmentation?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of landfills?
A developer is interested in building vacation homes on 150 acres of oceanfront property. A priority is to retain as much natural beauty of the area as possible. Safe and effective wastewater
How does the ONPG/MUG test allow a sample to be assayed simultaneously for the presence of both total coliforms and E. coli?
A public health official is investigating waterborne diseases in Illinois. She notes that over half of the cases of waterborne diseases originating from drinking water were caused by Giardia lamblia.
The accompanying figure shows the effects of different treatments of drinking water on the incidence of typhoid fever in Philadelphia, 1890-1935. If filtration of drinking water caused such a
Describe how the BOD of a water sample is determined. Discuss.
Compare and contrast the activated sludge process and the trickling filter system used in secondary treatment of wastewater. Discuss.
How does a septic system work? Discuss.
How is the initial step of making white wines different from that of making red wines?
Why are ground meats more common than steaks as a source of E. coli O157:H7 infection?
Why are the process temperatures for canning low-acid foods higher then ones for acidic foods?
Which is important to refrigerate: fresh stew or bread? Why?
A small cheese-manufacturing company in Wisconsin is looking for ways to reduce the costs of disposing of whey, a cheese by-product. As a food microbiologist, what would you suggest that the company
How does canning differ from pasteurization?
A microbiologist is troubleshooting a batch of home-brewed ale that did not ferment properly. She noticed that the alcohol content was only 2%, well below the desired level. Microscopic examination
It has been argued that the nature of the growth of fungi in Roquefort cheese, indicated by the appearance of bluish-green veins, is evidence that these fungi require O2 for growth. How does this

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