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medical sciences
biology

Questions and Answers of Biology

How is budding different from mitosis?
What are the major differences among nematodes, cestodes, and trematodes?
Describe fungal symbiotic relationships with algae, green plants, and insects, and explain how the relationships benefit each partner.
What are the major differences between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell?
Explain how a fly might act as a mechanical vector for one disease and a biological vector for another.
What are the differences among a yeast, a mold, and a mushroom?
Paper recycling companies refuse to collect paper products that are contaminated with food or have been sitting wet for a day. A college sorority member who is running a recycling program on campus
In what ways are fungi economically important?
A molecular biologist working for a government-run fishery in Vietnam is interested in controlling Pfisteria in fish farms. Pfisteria produces toxins that stun the fish and then causes the skin to
Fungi are known for growing and reproducing in a wide range of environmental extremes in temperature, pH, and osmotic pressure. What does this tolerance for extremes indicate about fungal enzymes?
Compare and contrast the organisms that cause malaria and African sleeping sickness and their transmission.
If you discover a new type of nucleated cell in a lake near your home, how would you determine whether the cell is from a fungus, an alga, a protozoan, or a water mold?
Describe the life cycle of Schistosoma mansoni.
Why are viruses so much smaller than the cells they infect?
Why do RNA viruses need to encode an enzyme in order to replicate their genome, while DNA viruses do not?
Why would PrPSC accumulate when PrPC does not?
Is it important to have fewer phages than bacterial host cells when doing a quantitative plaque assay? Explain.
How are latent viral infections different from chronic ones?
How are plant viruses transmitted?
Why is it especially important for plant viruses to be stable outside the plant?
Discuss how prion proteins accumulate in nervous tissue.
A filter capable of preventing bacteria from passing is placed at the bottom of a U tube to separate the two sides. Streptomycin-resistant cells of a bacterial strain are placed on one side of the
How is the replication cycle of lambda phage different from that of T4?
Researchers debate the evolutionary value to the virus of its ability to cause disease. Many argue that viruses accidentally cause disease and only in animals that are not the natural host. They
How does the CRISPR system protect bacteria from phage infection?
How can C3b be both a product of complement activation and an activator of the complement system?
What role does C3b play in opsonization and complement system activation?
Why can bone marrow transplants be used to replace defective lymphocytes?
Describe how the skin protects against infection.
Describe the function of apoptosis.
What factors in saliva aid in protection against microbes?
A cattle farmer sees a sore on the leg of one of his cows. The farmer feels the sore and notices that the area just around the sore is warm to the touch. A veterinarian examines the wound and
Paraplegic patients often have recurrent urinary tract infections. Why would the condition keep coming back in spite of repeated treatment?
A student argues that phagocytosis is a wasteful process because after engulfed organisms are digested and destroyed, the remaining material is excreted from the cell. A more efficient process would
Contrast the pathways of complement activation.
According to figure 14.9, any cell infected by viruses may die due to the action of interferons. This strategy, however, seems counter-productive. The same result would occur without interferon-any
How do phagocytes enter tissues during an inflammatory response?
Would a single plasma cell produce antibody molecules of the same specificity or different specificities? Explain your answer.
In opsonization with IgG, why is it important that phagocytes recognize the antibodies only after they bind antigen?
Describe the clonal selection theory.
Why should B cells residing in the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues produce IgA?
How is imprecise joining similar to a frameshift mutation?
Many dairy operations keep cow's milk for sale and use formula and feed to raise any calves. One farmer noticed that calves raised on the formula and feed needed to be treated for diarrhea more
What kinds of diseases would be expected to occur as a result of lack of T or B lymphocytes?
The development of primary and secondary immune responses to an antigen differ significantly. The primary response may take a week or more to develop fully and establish memory. The secondary
Early investigators proposed two hypotheses to explain the specificity of antibodies. The clonal selection hypothesis states that each lymphocyte can produce only one specificity of antibody. When an
Describe the role of dendritic cells in T-cell activation.
How do Shigella species enter intestinal epithelial cells?
Describe how Fc receptors prevent phagocytosis.
What factors might contribute to a long incubation period?
How were Koch's postulates used to prove the cause of anthrax?
Describe three types of symbiotic relationships.
A microbiologist put forth a grant proposal to study the molecules bacteria use to communicate. Her principal rationale was that the damaging effects of many pathogenic microorganisms could be
How are acute, chronic, and latent infections different?
A group of smokers suffering from Staphylococcus aureus infections are suing the cigarette companies. They claim that the disease was aggravated by smoking. The group is citing studies indicating
A student argued that no distinction should be made between commensalism and parasitism. Even in commensalism, the micro-organisms are gaining some benefit (such as nutrients) from the host, and this
Describe two mechanisms that bacteria use to invade via mucous membranes.
A microbiologist argued that there is no such thing as "normal" microbiota in the human body, since the population is dynamic and is constantly changing, depending on diet and external environment.
How do localized allergic and systemic anaphylactic reactions differ?
Describe a patch test for contact hypersensitivity.
How is graft-versus-host disease difference from a recipient's rejection of donor tissue?
How could viruses or bacteria potentially cause autoimmune disease?
Define allergen, and give five common examples of substances that act as allergens.
How could you determine whether an immunodeficiency disease affects T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, or macrophages?
Describe the mechanism of cell damage in a blood transfusion where ABO antigens are mismatched.
Jack and Jill were badly burned in an accident at the well and both were taken to the burn unit of the local hospital. The burns covered only a small area of skin so grafts were prepared for both
How can genetic abnormalities leading to immunodeficiency disorders be corrected? Give an example.
Horse serum containing specific antibody to snake venom has been a successful approach to treating snakebite in humans. How do you think this anti-venom could be generated? What are some advantages
What are some major differences between an IgE-mediated skin reaction, such as hives, and a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction, such as a positive tuberculin skin test?
Horse serum containing specific antibody to snake venom has been a successful approach to treating snakebite in humans. How do you think this anti-venom could be generated? What are some advantages
Compare and contrast the autoimmune processes causing myasthenia gravis and Graves' disease.
Hypersensitivity reactions, by definition, lead to tissue damage. Can they also be beneficial? Explain.
Compare and contrast the Arthus reaction and serum sickness.
What three occurrences could account for a person having antibodies to a specific infectious agent?
Why would it be more efficient to use labeled anti-human IgG rather than label the patient's antibodies?
How is naturally acquired active immunity different from artificially acquired active immunity?
In figure 18.5, how would the curve change if the concentration of antibody in the original sample were increased? (Would the shape of the curve change? Would the curve be shifted left, right, up, or
There has been debate about keeping smallpox virus stored, since the disease has been eradicated. What would be an argument for keeping the virus? What should be done to protect against use of the
Describe two advantages of an inactivated vaccine over an attenuated one.
Staphylococcus aureus makes a protein called protein A, which binds to the Fc region of antibody molecules from a wide variety of species. How could protein A be exploited in immunoassays?
How is immune globulin different from hyperimmune globulin?
An ELISA test is used to screen patient specimens for HIV. A positive ELISA test is confirmed by a Western blot test. Why not the other way around, with the ELISA second?
The rate of nosocomial infections is often relatively high in emergency room settings. Explain why this might be so.
Why is it important to include a placebo in a scientific study to assess the effectiveness of a drug?
Explain why smallpox was successfully eradicated, but rabies probably never will be.
Describe the impact on a society of high incidence and high prevalence of an endemic debilitating disease.
Describe the factors that contribute to the emergence or re-emergence of disease.
An international team was gathered to discuss how funding should be spent to eliminate human infectious disease. There is only enough funding to eliminate one disease. How would the scientists go
A news station reported about a potentially fatal epidemic disease occurring in a small Laotian village. An epidemiologist from the CDC was interviewed to discuss the disease and was very distressed
A student disagreed with the presentation of the examples in figure 19.8. She claimed that the number of cases from a common-source outbreak could remain high over a much longer period of time in
Why is it necessary to develop new generations of antimicrobial medications?
Could penicillin be used to treat MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) infections? Why or why not?
Considering that organism C is susceptible to 16 μg/ml of the drug, why might it still be considered resistant to the drug?
Why would it be important for the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion test to use a standard concentration of the bacterial strain being tested?
Explain how using a combination of two antimicrobial drugs helps prevent the development of spontaneously resistant mutants.
Define and contrast the terms chemotherapeutic agent, antimicrobial drug, and antibiotic.
Describe the difference between the terms antibiotic and antimicrobial.
Define therapeutic index and explain its importance.
A physician was treating one young woman and one elderly patient for urinary tract infections caused by the same type of bacterium. Although the patients had similar body dimensions and weight, the
An advocacy group in Washington, D.C., is petitioning the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) to stop the use of low-dosage antimicrobial agents used to enhance the growth of cattle and chickens.

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