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physics
modern physics

Questions and Answers of Modern Physics

Find the source activity of 50.0-µCi a sample of 21482Pb (lead) 1.00 h after certification. Its half-life is 26.8 min.
1. Which of the following are nuclear particles?(a) Neutrons(b) Protons(c) Nucleons(d) Atoms(e) All of the above2. Einstein’s equivalence principle relates to(a) Weight and time.(b) Space and
1. Describe the importance of the neutron in atomic nuclei.2. Describe α ray in your own words.3. Describe a γ ray in your own words.4. Describe a β ray in your own words.5. What important
Explain the difference between the ground state and the excited states of electrons in atoms.
Describe the similarities of protons and neutrons. Describe the differences.
Describe the differences between the electric force and the strong force.
What damage can be caused to living organisms by radiation?
What medical uses does radiation have?
1. If the tip of a pencil has a mass of 2.30 g, how much energy can be produced if all the mass is converted to energy?2. If a textbook has a mass of 1.30 kg, how much energy can be released if the
1. A train is moving at a speed of 65.0 mi/h. The ticket collector is walking 2.00 mi/h toward the front of the train. How fast is the ticket collector moving from the point of view of a person on
1. Convert the mass of one electron (m = 9.10 x 10–31 kg) to energy.2. Convert the mass of one proton (m = 1.67 x 10–27 kg) to energy.3. A particular task requires 9.80 J of energy. Using E = mc2
1. What field or fields of physics intrigued Einstein at a very young age?(a) Momentum(b) Thermodynamics(c) Electricity and magnetism(d) Sound and waves2. Which of the following did Albert Einstein
1. What does traveling close to the speed of light do to the dimension of time?2. While you are sitting and reading this question, are you traveling through the space dimensions or the time
Which has a greater Young’s modulus, a steel wire or a rubber band? Explain.
(a) Two dams form artificial lakes of equal depth. How-ever, one lake backs up 15 km behind the dam, and the other backs up 50 km behind. What effect does the difference in length have on the
Water towers (storage tanks) are generally bulb shaped, as shown in Fig. 9.29. Wouldn€™t it be better to have a cylindrical storage tank of the same height? Explain.
A water dispenser for pets contains an inverted plastic bottle, as shown in Fig. 9.30. (The water is dyed blue for contrast.) When a certain amount of water is drunk from the bowl, more water flows
(a) What is the most important factor in constructing a life jacket that will keep a person afloat? (b) Why is it so easy to float in Utah’s Great Salt Lake?
An ice cube floats in a glass of water. As the ice melts, how does the level of the water in the glass change? Would it make any difference if the ice cube were hollow? Explain.
Ocean- going ships in port are loaded to the so-called Plimsoll mark, which is a line indicating the maximum safe loading depth. However, in New Orleans, located at the mouth of the Mississippi
Ocean liners weigh thousands of tons. How are they made to float?
When driving your car on an interstate at the posted speed limit (of course) and an 18- wheeler quickly passes you going in the opposite direction, you feel an force toward the truck. Why is this?
A pump spray bottle or “atomizer” operates by the Bernoulli principle. Explain how this works.
(a) If an Indy racer had a flat bottom, it would be highly unstable (like an airplane wing) due to the lift it gets when it moves at a high speed. To increase friction and stability, the bottom has a
Here are two common demonstrations of Bernoulli effects:(a) If you hold a narrow strip of paper in front of your mouth and blow over the top surface, the strip will rise (Fig. 9.33a). (Try it.)
(a) Why is blood pressure usually measured at the arm? (b) Suppose the pressure reading were taken on the calf of the leg of a standing person. Would there be a difference, in principle? Explain.
What is the principle of drinking through a straw? (Liquids aren’t “ sucked” up.)
A tennis racket has nylon strings. If one of the strings with a diameter of 1.0 mm is under a tension of 15 N, how much is it lengthened from its original length of 40 cm?
A rectangular steel column supports a load of 12.0 metric tons. If the column is 2.00 m in length before being stressed, what is the decrease in length?
A bimetallic rod as illustrated in Fig. 9.34 is com-posed of brass and copper.(a) If the rod is subjected to a compressive force, will the rod bend toward the brass or the copper? Why? (b) Justify
Two same-size metal posts, one aluminum and one copper, are subjected to equal shear stresses. (a) Which post will show the larger deformation angle, (1) the copper post or (2) the aluminum post? Or
A 85.0-kg person stands on one leg and of the weight is supported by the upper leg connecting the knee and hip joint—the femur. Assuming the femur is 0.650 m long and has a radius of 2.00 cm, by
Two metal plates are held together by two steel rivets, each of diameter 0.20 cm and length 1.0 cm. How much force must be applied parallel to the plates to shear off both rivets?
(a) Which of the liquids in Table 9.1 has the greatest compressibility? Why? (b) For equal volumes of ethyl alcohol and water, which would require more pressure to be compressed by 0.10%, and how
How much pressure would be required to compress a quantity of mercury by 0.010%?
A brass cube 6.0 cm on each side is placed in a pres-sure chamber and subjected to a pressure of 1.2 x 107 N/m2 on all of its surfaces. By how much will each side be compressed under this pressure?
A cylindrical eraser of negligible mass is dragged across a paper at a constant velocity to the right by its pencil. The coefficient of kinetic friction between eraser and paper is 0.650. The pencil
A 45-kg traffic light is suspended from two steel cables of equal length and radii 0.50 cm. If each cable makes a 15° angle with the horizontal, what is the fractional increase in their length due
Suppose you use the tip of one finger to support a 1.0-kg object. If your finger has a diameter of 2.0 cm, what is the stress on your finger?
In his original barometer, Pascal used water instead of mercury. (a) Water is less dense than mercury, so the water barometer would have (1) a higher height than, (2) a lower height than, or (3) the
If you dive to a depth of 10 m below the surface of a lake, (a) What is the pressure due to the water alone? (b) What is the absolute pressure at that depth?
In an open U-tube, the pressure of a water column on one side is balanced by the pressure of a column of gasoline on the other side. (a) Compared to the height of the water column, the gasoline
A75.0-kg athlete performs a single-hand handstand. If the area of the hand in contact with the floor is 125 cm2, what pressure is exerted on the floor?
A rectangular fish tank measuring is filled with water to a height of 65 cm. What is the gauge pressure on the bottom of the tank?
(a) What is the absolute pressure at a depth of 10 m in a lake? (b) What is the gauge pressure?
The gauge pressure in both tires of a bicycle is 690kPa. If the bicycle and the rider have a combined mass of 90.0 kg, what is the area of contact of each tire with the ground? (Assume that each tire
In a sample of seawater taken from an oil spill, an oil layer 4.0 cm thick floats on 55 cm of water. If the density of the oil is 0.75 x 103 kg/m3, what is the absolute pres-sure on the bottom of the
In a lecture demonstration, an empty can is used to demonstrate the force exerted by air pressure (Fig. 9.35). A small quantity of water is poured into the can, and the water is brought to a boil.
What is the fractional decrease in pressure when a barometer is raised 40.0 m to the top of a building? (Assume that the density of air is constant over that distance.)
A 2.5-m nylon fishing line used to hold up a 8.0-kg fish has a diameter of 1.6 mm. How much is the line elongated?
To drink a soda (assume same density as water) through a straw requires that you lower the pressure at the top of the straw. What does the pressure need to be at the top of a straw that is 15.0 cm
During a plane flight, a passenger experiences ear pain due to a head cold that has clogged his Eustachian tubes. Assuming the pressure in his tubes remained at 1.00 atm (from sea level) and the
Here is a demonstration Pascal used to show the importance of a fluid€™s pressure on the fluid€™s depth (Fig. 9.36): An oak barrel with a lid of area 0.20 m2 is filled with water.
The door and the seals on an aircraft are subject to a tremendous amount of force during flight. At an altitude of 10 000 m (about 33 000 ft), the air pressure outside the airplane is only while the
The pressure exerted by a person’s lungs can be measured by having the person blow as hard as possible into one side of a manometer. If a person blowing into one side of an open tube manometer
In a head-on auto collision, the driver, who had his air bags disconnected, hits his head on the windshield, fracturing his skull. Assuming the driver’s head has a mass of 4.0 kg, the area of the
A cylinder has a diameter of 15 cm (Fig. 9.37). The water level in the cylinder is maintained at a constant height of 0.45 m. If the diameter of the spout pipe is 0.50 cm, how high is h, the vertical
In 1960, the U. S. Navy’s bathyscaphe Trieste (a submersible) descended to a depth of 10 912 m (about 35 000 ft) into the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean. (a) What was the pressure at that
The output piston of a hydraulic press has a cross-sectional area of 0.25 m2. (a) How much pressure on the input piston is required for the press to generate a force of 1.5 x 106 N? (b) What force
A hydraulic lift in a garage has two pistons: a small one of cross-sectional area 4.00 cm2 and a large one of cross-sectional area 250 cm2. (a) If this lift is designed to raise a 3500-kg car, what
A 5.0-m-long rod is stretched 0.10 m by a force. What is the strain in the rod?
The Magdeburg water bridge is a channel bridge over the River Elbe in Germany (Fig. 9.38). Its dimensions are length 918 m, width 43.0 m, and depth 4.25 m.(a) When filled with water, what is the
A hypodermic syringe has a plunger of area 2.5 cm2 and a 5.0 x 10-3 cm2 needle. (a) If a 1.0-N force is applied to the plunger, what is the gauge pressure in the syringe’s chamber? (b) If a small
A funnel has a cork blocking its drain tube. The cork has a diameter of 1.50 cm and is held in place by static friction with the sides of the drain tube. When water is added to a height of 10.0 cm
(a) If the density of an object is exactly equal to the density of a fluid, the object will (1) float, (2) sink, (3) stay at any height in the fluid, as long as it is totally immersed. (b) A cube
A rectangular boat, as illustrated in Fig. 9.39, is over-loaded such that the water level is just 1.0 cm below the top of the boat. What is the combined mass of the people and the boat?
An object has a weight of 8.0 N in air. However, it apparently weighs only 4.0 N when it is completely sub-merged in water. What is the density of the object?
When a 0.80-kg crown is submerged in water, its apparent weight is measured to be 7.3 N. Is the crown pure gold?
A steel cube 0.30 m on each side is suspended from a scale and immersed in water. What will the scale read?
A solid ball has a weight of 3.0 N. When it is sub-merged in water, it has an apparent weight of 2.7 N. What is the density of the ball?
A wood cube 0.30 m on each side has a density of 700 kg/m3 and floats levelly in water. (a) What is the distance from the top of the wood to the water surface? (b) What mass has to be placed on top
A 250-N force is applied at a 37o angle to the surface of the end of a square bar. The surface is 4.00 cm on a side. What are (a) The compressional stress and (b) The shear stress on the bar?
(a) Given a piece of metal with a light string attached, a scale, and a container of water in which the piece of metal can be submersed, how could you find the volume of the piece without using the
An aquarium is filled with a liquid. A cork cube, 10.0 cm on a side, is pushed and held at rest completely submerged in the liquid. It takes a force of 7.84 N to hold it under the liquid. If the
A block of iron quickly sinks in water, but ships constructed of iron float. A solid cube of iron 1.0 m on each side is made into sheets. To make these sheets into a hollow cube that will not sink,
Plans are being made to bring back the zeppelin, a lighter-than-air airship like the Goodyear blimp that carries passengers and cargo, but is filled with helium, not flammable hydrogen as was used in
A girl floats in a lake with of her body beneath the water. What are (a) Her mass density and (b) Her weight density?
A spherical navigation buoy is tethered to the lake floor by a vertical cable (Fig. 9.40). The outside diameter of the buoy is 1.00 m. The interior of the buoy consists of an aluminum shell 1.0 cm
Figure 9.41 shows a simple laboratory experiment. Calculate(a) The volume and (b) The density of the suspended sphere. (Assume that the density of the sphere is uniform and that the liquid in the
An ideal fluid is moving at in a section of a pipe of radius 0.20 m. If the radius in another section is 0.35 m, what is the flow speed there?
(a) If the radius of a pipe narrows to half of its original size, will the flow speed in the narrow section (1) increase by a factor of 2, (2) increase by a factor of 4, (3) decrease by a factor of
Water flows through a horizontal tube similar to that in Fig. 9.20. However in this case, the constricted part of the tube is half the diameter of the larger part. If the water speed is in the larger
A 4.0-kg object is supported by an aluminum wire of length 2.0 m and diameter 2.0 mm. How much will the wire stretch?
The speed of blood in a major artery of diameter 1.0 cm is 4.5 cm/s. (a) What is the flow rate in the artery? (b) If the capillary system has a total cross-sectional area of 2500 cm2, the average
The blood flow speed through an aorta with a radius of 1.00 cm is 0.265 m/s. If hardening of the arteries causes the aorta to be constricted to a radius of 0.800 cm, by how much would the blood flow
Using the data and result of Exercise 61, calculate the pressure difference between the two areas of the aorta. (Blood density: ρ = 1.05 x 103 kg/m3.) In exercise The blood flow speed through an
In a dramatic lecture demonstration, a physics professor blows hard across the top of a copper penny that is at rest on a level desk. By doing this at the right speed, he can get the penny to
The spout heights in the container in Fig. 9.43 are 10 cm, 20 cm, 30 cm, and 40 cm. The water level is maintained at a 45-cm height by an outside supply.(a) What is the speed of the water out of each
In Conceptual Example 9.14, it was explained why a stream of water from a faucet necks down into a smaller cross-sectional area as it descends. Suppose at the top of the stream it has a
Water flows at a rate of 25 L/min through a horizontal 7.0-cm-diameter pipe under a pressure of 6.0 Pa. At one point, calcium deposits reduce the cross-sectional area of the pipe to 30 cm2. What is
As a fire-fighting method, a homeowner in the deep woods rigs up a water pump to bring water from a lake that is 10.0 m below the level of the house. If the pump is capable of producing a gauge
A Venturi meter can be used to measure the flow speed of a liquid. A simple such device is shown in Fig. 9.44. Show that the flow speed of an ideal fluid is given by
The pulmonary artery, which connects the heart to the lungs, is about 8.0 cm long and has an inside diameter of 5.0 mm. If the flow rate in it is to be , what is the required pressure difference over
A copper wire has a length of 5.0 m and a diameter of 3.0 mm. Under what load will its length increase by 0.30 mm?
A hospital patient receives a quick 500-cc blood trans-fusion through a needle with a length of 5.0 cm and an inner diameter of 1.0 mm. If the blood bag is suspended 0.85 m above the needle, how long
A nurse needs to draw 20.0 cc of blood from a patient and deposit it into a small plastic container whose interior is at atmospheric pressure. He inserts the needle end of a long tube into a vein
What is the difference in volume (due only to pres-sure changes, and not temperature or other factors) between 1000 kg of water at the surface (assume 4 °C) of the ocean and the same mass at the
A rock is suspended from a string in air. The tension in the string is 2.94 N. When the rock is then dunked into a liquid and the string is allowed to go slack, it sinks and comes to rest on a spring
An unevenly weighted baton (cylindrical in shape) consists of two sections: a denser (lower) section and a less dense (upper) section. When placed in water, it is upright and barely floats. The baton
(a) Referring to the metal rod in Figure 9.2a (under tensile stress), show that Eq. 9.4 can be rewritten to resemble a Hooke’s law type of spring relationship for the rod. That is, show that it can

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