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physics
thermodynamics

Questions and Answers of Thermodynamics

What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6m3 volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?
A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800kPa) and volume = 16 L (0,016m3) at T = 295 K. how long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at
An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury at 0oC.(a) If the temperature is raised to 25oC, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury?(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume
The density of gasoline at 0oC is 0.68 X 103 kg/m3. What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38oC? What is the percentage change?
If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25oC, but then was heated to 45oC, how high above the Earth would the band the (Assume equal everywhere)?
A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar at 20oC. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60oC. The
The first length standard, adopted in the 18th century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within
A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20oC. The volume of the tank is 11.3L.(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?(b) Before
The escape speed from the Earth is 1.12 X 104m/s, so gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the
A 1.0-kg trash-cal lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass
A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the
Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following two days;(a) A hot summer day, with the temperature 30oC and the relative humidity at 40%;(b) A cold winter day, with the
A sauna has 7.0m3 of air volume, and the temperature is 90oC. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See
Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000oC and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90 X
(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equal to β = 1/T, where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table
In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellar to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20oC) has 95 m2 of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8m, what is the mass
Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic Table or Appendix B.
Name several properties of material that could be exploited to make a thermometer?
Which is larger, 1 Co or 1 Fo?
Is system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, What can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?
A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve?
In the relation ΔL = aL0Δ, should L0 be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.
The units for the coefficient of linear expansion a are (Co) -1, and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters, would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead
Figure 13-27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a
Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have section in the shape of a U. Why?
A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury at 0oC. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.
When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then raises Explain.
A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Explain.
The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13-1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance
Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 20oC, run fast or slow on a hot day (30oC)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.
Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has happened?
When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic
Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased from 20oC to 40oC? Explain.
Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.
Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.
As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of N2 molecules to O2 molecules increases why?
Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what is for the Earth due to the
Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to the other?
Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperature.
Is it possible to boil water at room temperature (20oC) without heating it? Explain.
Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.
Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap or an overheated automobile engine.
Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13-28)?
How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper penny?
How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the same mass?
(a) Room temperature is often taken to be 68oF. What is this on the Celsius scale?(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800oC. What is this the Fahrenheit scale?
Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 136oF in the Libyan Desert and – 129oF Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?
(a) 15o below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature? (b) 15o below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?
In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0oC and length 22.85 cm at 100.0oC, what is the temperature if the column has length?(a) 16.70 cm, and (b) 20.50cm
A concrete highway is built of slabs 12m long (20oC). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20oC) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30oC to + 50oC?
Super Invar TM, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2 x 10-6 (Co)-1]. A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive
The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13-29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25oC) and January (average temperature of
To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871cm in diameter is to
The density of water at 4oC is 1.00 X 103 kg/m3. What is water’s density at 94oC?
A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if it is heated from 30oC to 200oC?
An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0mL of water at 100.0oC. If the temperature decreased to 20.0oC, how much water could be added to the glass?
It is observed that 55.50mL of water at 20oC completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60oC, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of
(a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. At 20oC, the diameter of the plug is 8.753cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743cm. They must both be brought to what common
If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion a is approximately equal to the
(a) Show that the change in the density p of a substance, when the temperature changes by ΔT, is given by Δp = – BP ΔT. (b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere
A uniform rectangular plate of length/ and width w has coefficient of linear expansion a. Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change
Show that for an isotropic solid, B = 3a, if the amount of expansion is small. B and a are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively.
The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17oC. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25oC? (Assume the frequency dependence on length
(a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.255cm3. How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5oC to 33.0oC?
A 23.4-kf solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular velocity w = 32.8rad/s. If its temperature is now raised from 20.0oC to
An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15oC. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35oC?
(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041m2 is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30oC, what stress is developed in
A barrel of diameter 134.110 cm at 20oC is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110cm at 20oC. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.(a) To what temperature
What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scale? (a) 86oC, (b) 78oF, (c) – 100oC, (d) 5500oC, (e) – 459oF?
Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scale?
Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000oC and 15X 106oC, respectively. (a) What are these temperatures in kelvins? (b) What percent error is made in each case if a
If 3.00m3 of a gas initially at STP is laced under a pressure of 3.20atm the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0oC, what is the volume?
In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of about 20oC is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to 1/9 of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0).
Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.
A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogen (N2) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of CO2?
A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen (N2). (a) What is the volume of the tank?(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?
If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10.0o C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm,(a) Calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to
What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0kg or argon gas at 385 K?
A tank contains 26.0kg of O2 gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?
A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant life by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800m3 and the required lift is
A tire is filled wit air at 15oC to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38oC, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to
If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0oC and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0oC, what will new pressure be?
A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0oC. When it reaches an altitude of 3000m, where the temperature is 5.0oC and the pressure is only 0.70atm, how will its volume
Ethylene glycol is heated from 20°C to 40°C at a rate of 1.0 kg/s in a horizontal copper tube (k = 386 W/m(K) with an inner diameter of 2.0 cm and an outer diameter of 2.5 cm. A saturated vapor
Steam in the condenser of a steam power plant is to be condensed at a temperature of 50°C (hfg = 2383 kJ/kg) with cooling water (cp = 4180 J/kg(°C) from a nearby lake, which enters the tubes
A 1-shell-pass and 8-tube-passes heat exchanger is used to heat glycerin (cp = 0.60 Btu/lbm(oF) from 65oF to 140oF by hot water (cp = 1.0 Btu/ lbm(oF) that enters the thin-walled 0.5-in-diameter
Cold water (cp = 4.18 =J/kg(°C) enters a cross-flow heat exchanger at 14°C at a rate of 0.35 kg/s where it is heated by hot air (cp = 1.0 kJ/kg(°C) that enters the heat exchanger at 65°C at a
Hot oil (cp = 2200 J/kg(°C) is to be cooled by water (cp = 4180 J/kg(°C) in a 2-shell-passes and 12-tube-passes heat exchanger. The tubes are thin-walled and are made of copper with a diameter of
The condenser of a large power plant is to remove 500 MW of heat from steam condensing at 30°C (hfg = 2431 kJ/kg). The cooling is to be accomplished by cooling water (cp = 4180 J/kg(°C) from a
The thermal conductivity of a refrigerator door is to be determined by measuring the surface temperatures and heat flux when steady operating conditions are reached. A = 0.03 m2, QUOTE
The convection heat transfer coefficient for heat transfer from an electrically heated wire to air is to be determined by measuring temperatures when steady operating conditions are reached and the
A sealed electronic box dissipating a total of 100 W of power is placed in a vacuum chamber. If this box is to be cooled by radiation alone and the outer surface temperature of the box is not to
Iron is left on the iron board with its base exposed to the air at 20°C. The temperature of the base of the iron is 674 C. h = 35 w/m2.k
Cosidder a 1.2-m-high and 2-m-wide double-pane win-dow consisting of two 3-mm-thick layers of glass (k = 0.78 W/m. oC) separated by a 12-mm-wide stagnant air space (k = 0.026 W.m. oC). Determine the
Steam at 320oC flows in a stainless steel pipe (k = 15W/m. oC) whose inner and out diameters are 5 cm and 5.5 cm, respectively. The pine is covered with 3-cm-thick glass wool insulation (k =
A 2-mm-diameter and 10-m-long electric wire is tightly warpped with a 1-mm-thick plastic cover whose thermal conductivity is k = 0.15 W/m . oC. Electridcl measurements indicate that a current of 10 A
In Alahmadi During a cold winter day, wind at 55 km/h is blowing parallel to a 4-m-high and 10-m-long wall of a house. If the air outside is at 5°C and the surface temperature of the wall is
Consider a hot automotive engine, which can be approximated as a 0.5-m-high, 0.40-m-wide, and 0.8-m-long rectangular block. The bottom surface of the block is at a temperature of 80°C and has an
The components of an electronic system dissipate 90 W are located in a 1-m-long horizontal duct whose cross section is 16 cm ( 16 cm. The components in the duct are cooled by forced air, which enters
Liquid-cooled systems have high heat transfer coefficients associated with them, but they have the inherent disadvantage that they present potential leakage problems. Therefore, air is proposed to be

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