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physics
thermodynamics

Questions and Answers of Thermodynamics

(a) Show the initial temperature distribution in a diagram. (b) What is the final temperature distribution after a very long time has elapsed? (c) Sketch curves that you think would represent the
Temperature Change in a Clock. A pendulum clock is designed to tick off one second on each side-to-side swing of the pendulum (two ticks per complete period). (a) Will a pendulum clock gain time in
One end of a solid cylindrical copper rod 0.200 m long is maintained at a temperature of 20.00 K The other end is blackened and exposed to thermal radiation from surrounding walls at 500.0 K the
A Walk in the Sun. Consider a poor lost soul walking at 5 km/h on a hot day in the desert wearing only a bathing suit. This person's skin temperature tends to rise due to four mechanisms: Challenge
Two moles of an ideal gas are heated at constant pressure from T = 27°C to T = 107°C. (a) Draw a pV-diagram for this process. (b) Calculate the work done by the gas.
Six moles of an ideal gas are in a cylinder fitted at one end with a movable piston. The initial temperature of the gas is 27.0°C and the pressure is constant. As part of a machine design project,
Two moles of an ideal gas are compressed in a cylinder at a constant temperature of 85.0°C until the original pressure has tripled. (a) Sketch a pV-diagram for this process. (b) Calculate the
A metal cylinder with rigid walls contains 2.50 mol of oxygen gas. The gas is cooled until the pressure decreases to 30.0% of its original value. You can ignore the thermal contraction of the
During the time 0.305 mol of an ideal gas undergoes an isothermal compression at 22.0oC, 518 I of work is done on it by the surroundings. (a) If the final pressure is 1.76 aims, what was the
A gas undergoes two processes. In the first, the volume remains constant at 0.200 m3 and the pressure increases from 2.00 X 105 Pa to 5.00 X 105 Pa. The second process is a compression to a volume of
Work Done in a Cyclic Process (a) In Fig. 19.7a, consider the closed loop 1 → 3 →+ 2 → 4 → 1. This is a cyclic process in which the initial and final states are the same.
You close off the nozzle of a bicycle tire pump and very lowly depress the plunger so that the air inside is compressed to half its original volume. Assume the air behaves like an ideal gas. If you
A gas in a cylinder expands from a volume of 0.110 m3 to 0.320 m3 • Heat flows into the gas just rapidly enough to keep the pressure constant at 1.80 X 105 Pa during the expansion. The total heat
Five moles of an ideal monatomic gas with an initial temperature of 127°C expand and, in the process, absorb 1200 J of heat and do 2100 J of work. What is the final temperature of the gas?
You kick a soccer ball, compressing it suddenly to 2/3 of its original volume. In the process, you do 410 J of work on the air (assumed to be an ideal gas) inside the ball. (a) What is the change in
A gas in a cylinder is held at a constant pressure of 2.30 X 105 Pa and is cooled and compressed from 1.70 m3 to 1.20 m3• The internal energy of the gas decreases by 1.40 X 105 J.(a) Find the work
Doughnuts: Breakfast of Champions! A typical doughnut contains 2.0 g of protein, 17.0 g of carbohydrates, and 7.0 g of fat. The average food energy values of these substances are4.0 kcal/g for
A liquid is irregularly stirred in a well-insulated container and thereby undergoes a rise in temperature. Regard the liquid as the system. (a) Has heat been transferred? How can you tell? (b) Has
An ideal gas is taken Figure from a to b on the pV-diagram shown in Fig. 19.22. DuringThis process, 400 J of heat is added and the pressure doubles.(a) How much work is done by or on the gas?
A system is taken from Figure state a to state b along the three paths shown in Fig. 19.23.(a) Along which path is the work done by the system the greatest? The least?(b) If Uh > Ua, along which path
A thermodynamic system undergoes a cyclic process as shown in Fig. 19.24. The cycleconsists of two closed loops: I and II.(a) Over one complete cycle, does the system do positive or negative work?(b)
A student performs a combustion experiment by burning a mixture of fuel and oxygen in a constant-volume metal can surround by a water bath. During the experiment the temperature of the water is
Boiling Water at High Pressure When water is boiled at a pressure of 2.00 atm, the heat of vaporization is 2.20 X 106 I/kg and the boiling point is 120°C. At this pressure, 1.00 kg of water has a
During an isothermal compression of an ideal gas, 335 I of heat must he removed from the gas to maintain constant temperature. How much work is done by the gas during the process?
A cylinder contains 0.250 mol of carbon dioxide (CO2) gas at a temperature of 27.0oC. The cylinder is provided with a frictionless piston, which maintains a constant pressure of 1.00 atm on the gas.
A cylinder contains 0.0100 mol of helium at T = 27.0oC. (a) How much heat is needed to raise the temperature to 67.0oCwhile keeping the volume constant? Draw a pV-diagram for this process. (b) If
In an experiment to simulate conditions inside an automobile engine, 0.185 mol of air at a temperature of 780 K and a pressure of 3.00 X 106 Pa is contained in a cylinder of volume 40.0 cm3. Then 645
An ideal gas expands while the pressure is kept constant. During this process, does heat flow into the gas or out of the gas? Justify your answer.
Heat Q flows into a monatomic ideal gas and the volume increases while the pressure is kept constant. What fraction of the heat energy is used to do the expansion work of the gas?
When a quantity of monatomic ideal gas expands at a constant pressure of 4.00 X 104Pa, the volume of the gas increases from 200 X 10-3 m3 to 8.00 X 10-3 m3. What is the change in the internal energy
A cylinder with a movable piston contains 3.00 mol of N2 gas (assumed to he have like an ideal gas). (a) The N2 is heated at constant volume until 1557 J of heat have been added. Calculate the change
Three moles of an ideal monatomic gas expands at a constant pressure of 2.50 atm; the volume of the gas changes from 3.20 X 10-2 m3 to 4.50 X 10-2 m3. (a) Calculate the initial and final temperatures
The temperature of 0.150 mol of an ideal gas is held constant at 77.0oC while its volume is reduced to 25.0% of its initial volume. The initial pressure of the gas is 1.25 atm. (a) Determine the work
Propane gas (C3H8) behaves like an ideal gas with y = 1.127. Determine the molar heat capacity at constant volume and the molar heat capacity at constant pressure.
An experimenter adds 970 J of heat to 1.75 mol of an ideal gas to heat it from 10.0oC to 25.0oC at constant pressure. The gas does +223 J of work during the expansion. (a) Calculate the change in
In an adiabatic process for an ideal gas, the pressure decreases. In this process does the internal energy of the gas increase or decrease? Explain your reasoning.
A monatomic ideal gas that is initially at a pressure of 1.50 X 105 Pa and has a volume of 0.0800 m' is compressed adiabatically to a volume of 0.0400 m3. (a) What is the final pressure? (b) How much
The engine of a Ferrari F355 Fl sports car takes in air at 20.0°C and 1.00 atm and compresses it adiabatically to 0.0900 times the original volume. The air may he treated as an ideal gas with Y =
Two moles of carbon monoxide (CO) start at a pressure of 1.2 atm and a volume of 30 liters. The gas is then compressed adiabatically to 1/3 this volume. Assume that the gas may he treated as ideal.
A player bounces a basketball on the floor, compressing it to 80.0% of its original volume. The air (assume it is essentially N2 gas) inside the ball is originally at a temperature of 20.0oC and a
During an adiabatic expansion the temperature of 0.450 mol of argon (Ar) drops from 50.0oC to 10.0°C. The argon may he treated as an ideal gas. (a) Draw a pV-diagram for this process. (b) How much
A cylinder contains 0.100 mol of an ideal monatomic gas. Initially the gas is at a pressure of 1.00 X 105 Pa and occupies a volume of 2.50 X 10-3 m3. (a) Find the initial temperature of the gas in
On a warm summer day, a large mass of air (atmospheric pressure 1.01 X 105 Pa) is heated by the ground to a temperature of 26.0oC and then begins to rise through the cooler surrounding air. (This can
Figure 19.25 shows the Figure. P V-diagram for an isothermal. Expansion of 1.50 mol of an ideal gas, at a temperature of 15.0°C.(a) What is the change in internal energy of the gas? Explain.(b)
A quantity of air is taken from state a to state b along a path that is a straight line in the pV-diagram(a) In this process does the temperature of the gas increase, decrease, or stay the same?
One-half mole of an ideal gas is taken from stare a to stare c, as shown in Fig. 19.27.(a) Calculate the final temperature of the gas.(b) Calculate Ute work done on (or by) Ute gas as it moves from
When a system is taken from stare a to stare b in Fig. 19.28 along the path acb, 90.01 of heat flows into the system and 60.0 J of work is done by the system.(a) How much heat flows into the system
A thermodynamic system is taken from stare a to state c in Fig. 19.29 along either path abc or path adc. Along path abc, the work W done by the system is 450 J. Along path adc, W is 120 J. The
A volume of air(assumed to be an ideal gas) is first cooled with out changing its volume and then expanded without changing its pressure, as shown by the path abc in Fig. 19.30.(a) How does Ute
Three moles of argon gas (assumed to be an ideal gas) originally at a pressure of 1.50 X 104 Pa and a volume of 0.0280 m3 are first heated and expanded at constant pressure to a volume of 0.0435 m3,
Two moles of an ideal monatomic gas go through the cycle abc. For the complete cycle, 800 J of heat flows out of the gas. Process ab is at constant pressure, and process bc is at constant volume.
Three moles of an ideal gas are taken around the cycle abc shown in Fig. 19.31. For this gas, Cp = 29.l J/mol· K Process ac is at constant pressure, process ba is at constant volume, and
Starting with 2.50 mol of N2 gas (assumed to be ideal) in a cylinder at 1.00 atm and 20.0oC, a chemist first heats the gas at constant volume, adding 1.52 X 104 J of heat, then continues heating and
Nitrogen gas in an expandable container is cooled from 50.0°C to 10.0°C with the pressure held constant at 3.00 X 105 Pa. The total heat liberated by the gas is 2.50 X 104 J. Assume that the gas
In a certain process 2.15 X 105 J of heat is liberated by a system, and at the same time the system contracts under a constant external pressure of 9.50 X 105 Pa. The internal energy of the system is
A cylinder with a frictionless, movable piston like that shown in Fig. 19.5 contains a quantity of helium gas. Initially the gas is at a pressure of 1.00 X 105 Pa, has a temperature of 300 K, and
A Thermodynamic Process in a Liquid A chemical engineer is studying the properties of liquid methanol (CH3OH). She uses a steel cylinder with a cross-sectional area of 0.0200 m2 and containing 1.20 X
A Thermodynamic Process in a Solid. A cube of copper 2.00 cm on a side is suspended by a string. (The physical properties of copper are given in Tables 14.1, 17.2, and 17.3.) The cube is heated with
A Thermodynamic Process in an Insect the African bombardier beetle Stenaptinus insignis can emit a jet of defensive spray from the movable tip of its abdomen (Fig. 19.32). The beetle's body has
High-Altitude Research. A1arge research balloon containing 2.00 X 103 m3 of helium gasAt 1.00 atm and a temperature of 15.0oC rises rapidly from ground level to an altitude at which the atmospheric
Chinook during certain seasons strong winds called Chinooks blow from the west across the eastern slopes of the Rockies and downhill into Denver and nearby areas. Although the mountains are cool. The
An Air pomp has a cylinder 0.250 m long with a movable piston. The pump is used to compress air from the atmosphere (at absolute pressure 1.01 X 103 Pa) into a very large tank at 4.20 X 105 Pa gauge
Engine Turbochargers and Intercoolers The power output of an automobile engine is directly proportional to the mass of air that can be forced into the volume of the engine's cylinders to react
A monatomic ideal gas expands slowly to twice its original volume, doing 300 J of work in the process. Find the heat added to the gas and the change in internal energy of the gas if the process is
A cylinder with a piston contains 0.250 mol of oxygen at 2.40 X 105 Pa and 355 K the oxygen may be treated as an ideal gas. The gas first expands isobarically to twice its original volume. It is then
Use the conditions and processes of Problem 19.62 to compute (a) The work done by the gas, the heat added to it and its internal-energy change during the initial expansion; (b) The work done, the
A cylinder with a piston contains 0.150 mol of nitrogen at 1.80 X105 Pa and 300 K. The nitrogen may be treated as an ideal gas. The gas is first compressed isobarically to half its original volume.
Use the conditions and processes of Problem 19.64 to compute (a) The work done by the gas, the heat added to it, and its internal- energy change during the initial compression; (b) The work done by
Comparing Thermodynamic Processes In a cylinder, 1.20 mol of an ideal monatomic gas, initially at 3.60 X 105 Pa and 300 K, expands until its volume triples. Compute the work done by the gas if the
In a cylinder sealed with a piston, you rapidly compress 3.00 L of N2 gas initially at 1.00 atm pressure and 0.00oC to half its original volume. Assume the N2 behaves like an ideal gas. (a) Calculate
Oscillations of a Piston A vertical cylinder of radius r contains a quantity of ideal gas and is fitted with a piston with mass m that is free to move (Fig. 19.34). The piston and the walls of the
The van der Waals equation of state, an approximate representation of the behavior of gases at high pressure, is given byWhere a and b are constants having different values for different gases. (In
High-Altitude Research. A1arge research balloon containing 2.00 X 103 m3 of helium gas at 1.00 atm and a temperature of 15.0oC rises rapidly from ground level to an altitude at which the atmospheric
A diesel engine performs 2200 J of mechanical work and discards 4300 J of heat each cycle. (a) How much heat must be supplied to the engine in each cycle? (b) What is the thermal efficiency of the
An aircraft engine takes in 9000 J of heat and discards 6400 J each cycle. (a) What is the mechanical work output of the engine during one cycle? (b) What is the thermal efficiency of the engine?
A Gasoline Engine a gasoline engine takes in 1.61 X 104 J of heat and delivers 3700 J of work per cycle. The heat is obtained by burning gasoline with a heat of combustion of 4.60 X 104 J/g. (a) What
A gasoline engine has a power output of 180 kW (about 241 hp). Its thermal efficiency is 28.0%. (a) How much heat must be supplied to the engine per second? (b) How much heat is discarded by the
A certain nuclear-power plant has a mechanical-power output (used to drive an electric generator) of 330 MW. Its rate of heat input from the nuclear reactor is 1300 MW. (a) What is the thermal
(a) Calculate the theoretical efficiency for an Otto cycle engine with Y= 1.40 and r = 9.50. (b) If this engine takes in 10,000 J of heat from burning its fuel, how much heat does it discard to the
What compression ratio r must an Otto cycle have to achieve an ideal efficiency of 65.0% if Y = 1.40?
The Otto-cycle engine in a Mercedes-Benz SLK230 has a compression ratio of 8.8. (a) What is the ideal efficiency of the engine? Use Y = 1.40. (b) The engine in a Dodge Viper GT2 has a slightly higher
A refrigerator has a coefficient of performance of 2.10. In each cycle it absorbs 3.40 X 104 J of heat from the cold reservoir. (a) How much mechanical energy is required each cycle to operate the
A room air conditioner has a coefficient of performance of 29 on a hot day, and uses 850 W of electrical power. (a) How many joules of heat does the air conditioner remove from the room in one
A window air-conditioner unit absorbs 9.80 X 104 J of heat per minute from the room being cooled and in the same time period deposits 1.44 X 105 J of heat into the outside air. (a) What is the power
A freezer has a coefficient of performance of 2.40. The freezer is to convent 1.80 kg of water at 25.0oC to 1.80 kg of ice at -5.0oC in hour. (a) What amount of heat must he remove from the water at
A Carnot engine whose high-temperature reservoir is at 620 K takes in 550 J of heat at this temperature in each cycle and gives up 335 J to the low-temperature reservoir. (a) How much mechanical work
A Carnot engine is operated between two heat reservoirs at temperatures of 520 K and 300 K (a) If the engine receives 6.45 k J f heat energy from the reservoir at 520 K in each cycle, how many joules
A Carnot engine has an efficiency of 59% and performs 25 X 104 J of work in each cycle. (a) How much heat does the engine extract from its heat source in each cycle? (b) Suppose the engine exhausts
An ice-making machine operates in a Carnot cycle. It takes heat from water at 0.0oC and rejects heat to a room at 24.0oC. Suppose that 85.0 kg of water al 0.0oC are converted to ice at 00oC. (a) How
A Carrot refrigerator is operated between two heat reservoirs at temperatures of 320 K and 270 K. (a) If in each cycle the refrigerator receives 415 J of beat energy from the reservoir at 270 K, how
A Carnot device extracts 5.00 kJ of heat from a body at -10.0°C. How much work is done if the device exhausts heat into the environment at? (a) 25.0°C; (b) 0.0°C; (c) - 25.0°C; in each case, is
A certain brand of freezer is advertised to use 730 kW .h of energy per year. (a) Assuming the freezer operates for 5 hours each day. How much power does it require while operating? (b) If the
An ideal Carnot engine operates between 500oC and l00oC with a heat input of 250 J per cycle. (a) How much heat is delivered to the cold reservoir in each cycle? (b) What minimum number of cycles is
A Carnot beat engine has a thermal efficiency of 0.600, and the temperature of its hot reservoir is 800 K. If 3000 J of beat is rejected to the cold reservoir in one cycle, what is the work output of
A Carnot heat engine uses a hot reservoir consisting of a large amount of boiling water and a cold reservoir consisting of a large tub of ice and water. In 5 minutes of operation, the beat rejected
You design an engine that takes in 1.50 X 104 J of heat at 650 K in each cycle and rejects heat at a temperature of 350 K. The engine completes 240 cycles in 1 minute. What is the theoretical maximum
(a) Show that the efficiency e of a Carnot engine and the coefficient of performance K of a Carnot refrigerator are related by K = (1 - e)/e. The engine and refrigerator operate between the same hot
A sophomore with nothing better to do adds heat to 0350 kg of ice at 0.0oC until it is all melted. (a) What is the change in entropy of the water? (b) The source of heat is a very massive body at a
You decide to take a nice hot bath but discover that your thoughtless roommate has used up most of the hot water. You fill the tub with 270 kg of 30.0°C water and attempt to warm it further by
A 15.0-kg block of ice at 0.0oC melts to liquid water at 0.0oC inside a large room that has a temperature of 20.0oC. Treat the ice and the room as an isolated system, and assume that the room is

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