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organizational behavior
Questions and Answers of
Organizational Behavior
How do attributional biases work? What can managers do to reduce such biases?
What is perceptual defense, and what are examples of the mechanisms that can be identified?
What are the differences between job involvement, organizational commitment, and job satisfaction? Are all three influenced by the same factors?
What is attribution theory? Describe the attribution process.
What are the major reasons for job satisfaction? What are the primary consequences of dissatisfaction? Explain.
What are the internal and external causes of attribution?
What is attitude, and how does it impact the work environment?
What is behavioral justification?
Google is great at many things—attracting top talent, maintaining employee satisfaction, and encouraging creativity, to name a few.According to the Association of Training and Development (ATD),
Define learning. Why is an understanding of learning important for managers?
In order to better understand how behavioral self-management programs operate, you might want to complete this self-assessment and design your own self-management program. This exercise allows you to
You manage the human resources department for a mid-sized retailer. Part of the operations consists of a call center with 100 employees spread over three shifts operating 24 hours a day, seven days a
When it comes to presenting world-class customer experiences, Walt Disney World is at the top of the list. It’s literally called the Most Magical Place on Earth. However, it isn’t just their
How can learning theory be used to change behaviors?
General Motors has learned by experience that it pays not to have managers learn only by experience how to function effectively while working in foreign countries. Managing expatriate assignments in
Sharon Johnson worked for a publishing company based in Nashville, Tennessee, that sold a line of children’s books directly to the public through a door-to-door sales force. Sharon had been a very
What behavioral self-management techniques can you use as a manager?
What are things you can do to instill self-management techniques for yourself?
Understand Kanfer’s behavioral self-management process.
What are some problems in trying to implement a behavioral self-management program? How can managers attempt to overcome these problems?
What is a performance audit, and what are the components?
What is behavior modification?
How might you design a simple behavior modification program for a group of employees? Explain.
What is the significance of schedules in changing behavior?
Describe the four different schedules of reinforcement, and show how their use by managers can vary.
What are the four strategies to use for behavioral change?
Identify four strategies for reinforcement, and provide an example of each.
There is a saying in Japan that “the nail that sticks up gets hammered down.” This means that in corporate Japan employees are supposed to act together and move in unison. Individuality is not
What is reinforcement, and how can it be applied to motivation?
What implications of social learning theory for management can you identify?
What is social learning theory? Describe how this process works.
Studies showcase that nearly 50 percent of employees in the U.S. workforce face bullying at one point in time. All types of bullying, not just discrimination or harassment, are important to consider.
Define classical conditioning, and differentiate it from operant conditioning.
Organizations are facing changes in their business environment because of globalization of markets and competition, growth of immediate digital information and communications, growth of the
Compare and contrast operant conditioning with classical conditioning. Provide examples of each.
This case describes organizational changes over twenty years in the municipality of Hillton (not its real name). As a community of 70,000 residents, Hillton’s rule of employment was that employees
LaCrosse Industries in Eau Claire, Wisconsin manufactures wood-framed windows. Gilbert LaCrosse, the company founder, continually reinforced the need to make quality windows because they provided
SNC-Lavalin (SNCL), one of Canada’s largest engineering and construction firms, was the focus of one of North America’s most serious corporate investigations and charges of bribery and related
Everyone who works as an electronic game developer has extrinsic sources of motivation, and most of them also experience some degree of intrinsic motivation. Considering the dynamics of extrinsic and
This case describes events at the customer service centers of YakkaTech, Inc., an information technology services firm employing 1500 people throughout Washington and Oregon. YakkaTech relies on a
Conifer Corp is a sawmill operation in Oregon, that is owned by a major forest products company, but operates independently of headquarters. The mill is divided into six operating departments: boom,
Elaine was working at a local mobile telecommunications company’s retail outlet. Her main role was to help out potential customers with questions related to products and plans or existing customers
Sarah and her three friends started a small business to sell silver jewelry that they designed and made themselves. The business grew very quickly, and within a few years had turned into a national
Laura is about to renegotiate her job role with her new manager. She has heard through the grapevine that he is a tough negotiator, highly competitive, and unwilling to take others’ needs into
Diana Gillen is a general manager of a Cobb Street Grille restaurant who hopes to be promoted to a multi-unit district manager position. She was recently passed over for a similar position because,
Cincinnati Super subs is one of 300 restaurant franchises throughout Indiana, Ohio, and Michigan. Each operation has one manager, an assistant manager, a few team leaders, and many employees (mostly
Review the decision-making models described in this chapter. Which model do you think is closest to what managers do when they make decisions? Why?DECISION-MAKING MODELSProblem-solving and
Review the assets and liabilities of group decision making. Which methods of improving decision making in organizations help offset the liabilities? How? Why?ASSETS AND LIABILITIES OF GROUP DECISION
Have you experienced groupthink? Discuss the conditions under which it happened and how it could have been prevented.
Discuss the culturally based differences in decision making and problem solving described in this chapter with students from countries other than your own or with students who have visited other
Discuss the different methods of improving decision making in organizations. Which of these methods do you expect to find widely used in organizations? Discuss differences in how easy each it is to
Review the discussion of power at the beginning of this chapter. Does power serve positive or negative functions for an organization? Discuss your experiences with power.POWERPower is a person’s
Power has the three facets of actual power, potential power, and potential for power. Discuss the implications of the three facets for all employees of an organization.
Review the ways managers can build power in organizations. Discuss your experiences with managers who build a power base.Organizational Bases of PowerThe organizational bases of power are legitimate
Discuss using political strategies and tactics in organizations. Are the strategies and tactics realistic elements of modern organizational life? What were your reactions to the descriptions of
Review the stressors described in the chapter. Which stressors play the biggest role in your life now? Which stressors do you expect to play big roles in the future?StressorsStressors are the
This chapter argued that organizational politics has a dark side. Discuss your experiences with the dark side of organizational politics.The Dark Side of Organizational PoliticsOrganizational
Review the description of the ethical issues surrounding political behavior in organizations. Do you accept or reject the normative positions taken from the various ethics theories? Why or why
Not all stress is bad for people. Eustress is possible and exhilarating for many. Discuss the conditions under which you believe you experience eustress. Compare those conditions to the conditions of
Discuss the role of perception in the stress response. You may find it useful to review the perception portion of Chapter 5 and discuss its implications for understanding the stress response.Stress
What are the moderators of the stress response? What portions of the integrated model of stress do the moderators affect? How? Discuss each moderator and relate it to yourself.ModeratorsSeveral
What are the major contingency factors of organizational design? How are they related to each other? Discuss modern examples of each contingency factor.Organizational designOrganizational design is
Review the stress management section. Which methods are easiest for you to follow now? Which methods should you consider in the future? As a manager, which methods can you put into effect for
Discuss the ethical issues about stress in organizations. Are these real issues to which modern managers should attend? Why or why not?ETHICAL ISSUES ABOUT STRESS IN ORGANIZATIONSMany states allow
Discuss the characteristics of matrix organizations. What environmental conditions contribute to choosing this complex organizational design? What skills do people need to successfully work in and
Why are mechanistic organizations right for a static environment? Why do organic organizations fit well with a dynamic environment? Which organization form likely will be dominant in the
Why do organizations often combine organization by function and organization by division? What advantages do organizations get from this more complex hybrid form?Organizational Design by
Review the section describing the evolving forms of organizational design. Which forms appear especially appealing, challenging, and motivating? Why?Evolving Forms of Organizational DesignManagers
Review the chapter’s international and ethics sections. Discuss the ethical issues that surround organizational design questions in different countries. Should managers choose a design according to
Discuss the nature of planned and unplanned organizational change. What are the characteristics of each? What are some targets of planned change?UNPLANNED AND PLANNED ORGANIZATIONAL
Planned organizational change can follow either the evolutionary model or the revolutionary model of change. Discuss the main features of each model. When would a manager follow one model instead of
Discuss the major classes of organizational development interventions. What are the goals of each? Which interventions are likely to have the most lasting effects?ORGANIZATIONAL
Review the section describing the international aspects of organizational change and development. Discuss the constraints different cultures put on an organizational development consultant. What
Review the “Dysfunctions of Organizational Communication” section. Have you experienced any of those dysfunctions during your college education? Reflect on your work experiences. Discuss examples
Review the decision-making process. Discuss each step in the process and the relationships among them.The decision-making process defines a decision problem, creates alternative courses of action,
Review the technologies that forecasters expect will change communication processes in the future. Which technologies does your college or university use? Which technologies have you seen in your
Review the “Active Listening” section. Have you experienced any of the recommendations in that section? If yes, did active listening improve the communication processes where it was used?ACTIVE
Ask some close friends to describe your nonverbal behavior when you talk. Ask them whether such behavior adds to or detracts from the meaning of what you say.
Discuss the different types of communication. What is the role of nonverbal communication in the larger communication process?TYPES OF COMMUNICATIONVerbal and nonverbal communication are the two
What is the role of the feedback loop in the basic communication process? How can the sender and receiver use it to improve communication effectiveness?
Review the description of the basic communication process presented earlier in this chapter. Discuss the effect of noise on the process. What forms of noise have you experienced?THE BASIC
Review the leadership traits described earlier. Are there any people, living or dead, who have those traits? To which traits do you respond most positively?LeadershipLeadership is a social influence
Review the two behavioral approaches to leadership. What are the similarities and differences in the two approaches?Behavioral approaches to leadershipNeither the trait nor the behavioral approaches
The path–goal theory of leadership describes two sets of contingency factors—personal factors of subordinates and work environment factors. Discuss how these factors affect the choice of leader
Discuss the three dimensions in Fiedler’s contingency theory of leadership. Try to identify an example from your experiences of one situation shown in Figure 12.1. Did the leader in that situation
Review the alternative views of leadership. How do those views differ from the other leadership theories? Why?ALTERNATIVE VIEWS OF LEADERSHIPThe next sections describe some alternative views of
Have you ever been in a situation where substitutes, neutralizers, or enhancers of leadership existed? What did the leader do in that situation? What was the effect of the substitutes, neutralizers,
To whom have you compared yourself in the past when making equity comparisons? Under what circumstances have you changed your comparison other?
Discuss goal-setting theory and its several steps for setting goals. Would you expect such activities to have a positive effect on your work performance?GOAL-SETTING THEORYEdwin A. Locke and his
Discuss examples of work contexts within which you have worked. Did your job’s design take advantage of the work context or did it conflict with the work context? What were your
Review the criticisms raised about behavior modification. Discuss those criticisms. Do those criticisms limit the use of behavior modification in organizations?Behavior modification:Behavior
Discuss the factors that affect a person’s perception of a job’s objective characteristics. What implications do you see for a job redesign strategy? Discuss examples from your work
Jobs can be designed for groups or individuals. What individual needs should be strong in people who will work in a group or team setting? Which countries emphasize one approach instead of the other?
Discuss the role of individual moderators in job design. Which needs discussed in earlier chapters are closely tied to the concept of growth need strength? Will you find differences in important
Which work context factors can affect a person’s reaction to a job’s design? Discuss how these factors affect such reactions. Include examples from your work experiences.
What are the steps in diagnosing and redesigning jobs? Discuss the role of job incumbents in the diagnosis and redesign of their jobs.
Review the discussion of ethics and job design. Are those real issues facing managers in modern organizations? Why?ETHICAL ISSUES IN JOB DESIGNSelf-managing workgroups raise some ethical questions
Why are cohesive groups important to us as individuals? What are some reasons managers should care about the presence of groups and group cohesiveness?
What factors help or impede cohesive group formation? Reflect on your work experiences to find examples of these factors.
Review the section on “Virtual Groups.” Discuss your experiences with electronic communication such as e-mail, threaded discussion bulletin boards, and chat rooms. What are some positive effects
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