Based on this literature review Write an introduction paragraph.

Community Growth and Local Business - Compiled by Matthew MynesBusinesses and the communities in which they reside share an important connection. Withoutpeople to support a business on the producer and consumer level, the business will cease to exist. Withoutbusinesses, it would be difficult to maintain a community. Healthy businesses are essential to a healthy
community and thus have a profound impact on the local economy. Some smaller communities that arehome to colleges and universities have the added impact of student populations of upwards of 20,000people which are often much larger than the original population without including the school. Thispopulation increase is beneficial to an economy with what Valero and Van Reenen attribute to as theincreased supply of education and human capital (Valero, Reenen, 2018,p. 53). Small communities maynot experience very much economic activity but with a doubling of the population comes a drasticincrease in consumption of goods and services. Areas with universities were found to have a delayedincrease in GDP when compared to the increase in supply and consumption (Valero, Reenen, 2018, p.66). Clemson University and the surrounding area has seen tremendous population growth over the pastdecade and a half as it has become a more attractive and popular school. To keep up with such growth,new residence halls, dining halls, and off-campus housing have been built.It has long been studied on how these colleges and universities affect the areas in which theyreside, however, Siegfried et al. 's work aims to analyze the work done by other researchers and fill in thegaps that they see in their assessments. They claim that other studies overinflate populations throughdouble counting of numbers which can have an effect on the accuracy of results. Previously, it has beenshown that having universities in an area can increase GDP by improving labor markets due to bothincreases in supply and demand but it has not shown whether an area is "better off". It can be argued thatlocal Clemson residents, not part of the student population, do not enjoy the changes to their "Little 'OlClemson". The authors conclude by emphasizing the importance of adjusting projections when analyzingthe impacts of increased populations and developments.Small towns are especially interesting to analyze when it comes to increasing developmentsbecause they must take a different approach. Population trends have shown more people moving towardssuburb and rural areas with that trend to reverse by 2050 (Pack, 2013). Pack takes inspiration from cities
when developing how to improve suburban and rural areas. He claims that improving population densityis the key to success. Placing and providing community and housing opportunities in accessible areas canhelp promote community involvement and development. This article from Pack is relevant to our topic ofchoice because over the past two decades, the city of Clemson has seen a sharp increase in population as aresult of the university's continued success in both academics and athletics. Despite this success, the localcommunity has not been able to keep up with the type of demand that a large population, particularlybetween the ages of 18-25 requires. People in this demographic have a wide variety of food and shoppingdesires that are not met with the current state of the city of Clemson with its Clemson merchandise momand pop shops and fast-food. Additionally, the local infrastructure including limited road access andparking is a major issue contributing to the congestion and frustration in the area. Pack's strategies forurbanization of small towns are something that should be taken into consideration.

Place-Making: making the connection between economics and community - compiled by AidanWarshavskyLike with many of life's situations, the expansion of communities comes with a lot of growingpains. This growth, which can come in both good and bad pains, often requires mitigation. To mitigate isto "reduce severity, seriousness, or painfulness of something" (Merriam Webster). In this context,community growth is often accompanied by economic and social catalysts. Cities are reliant upon thetaxes which are produced by the businesses, properties, and employees which reside within their border(Mapes, 2017, p. 602). Towns thrive off the ability to profit from a variety of things, from the obviousones like businesses and people which inhabit it, to deeper concepts like popularity of the name of thetown, and likeness (all of which we will go more in-depth on shortly. To make this possible, there is aneed for redevelopment of cities to meet this demand for money. It is because of this that we seecompetition between different places, and in this case, universities, with the purpose of "competing forresidents and businesses" (Mapes, 2017, p. 603). Through this process, we see two sides reliant upon each
other for success; Economic prosperity and the supply-demand which comes with it. Recall that fourfactors were mentioned earlier, some more conspicuous and others being more apparent. These flow intoan element known as place-making that is a major part of community growth, and refers to "the creationof distinctive characteristics that are clear and evident to residents and visitors alike..." (Mapes, 2017, p.603). This is exemplified within not just Clemson University, but the downtown area as well. We see thiswith the universities transition to modern buildings with the construction of a new humanities hall, as wellas the recent renovations to the business building on campus. With respect to the downtown area, thereare niche shops like thrift shops where you can get souvenirs, axe throwing (a popular southern staple), aswell as the many bars. It's important to recognize that the phrase "downtown" is heard not just in collegetowns, but everywhere across the country. However, for the purposes of this paper, we'll handle that onmore of a micro level.When talking about the attractiveness of the towns with respect to place-making, we are talkingabout the physical design of a place, from the street pattern to the building design, to the layout of variousmonuments and ornaments, as Mapes suggests. As Clemson expands, so does its ideas of physical design.

Campus buildings are becoming more modernized, as they replace that preppy look with more of a city-like feel with larger glass panes instead of prison-like walls, as well as sky bridges to connect pieces ofcampus together. This promotes likeability of Clemson as not just a college, but one of the pinnacles ofthe town. As a result, we've seen an ever-growing student and faculty population, which has prompted forrealignment projects like Perimeter Road. This can be met with scrutiny. In the haste to expand, thethoughts of the general public are often overlooked, and it is highlighted that changes such as this oneeffect the flows of traffic, often leading to congestion and other inconveniences. One person even saidthat they "prefer driving my own car even if it means staying in traffic for hours... It is more comfortableto drive a car home, as public transport is so crowded and it does not always arrive on time." (Hickman,2018, p. 15) We can recognize that there are obvious growing paints, and although the account above isn'tfrom someone in the US, it's important to recognize that community growth occurs all over, and it can be
inferred that this opinion isn't one that would be supported alone, but rather a group of people sharing thesame interests.Literature Review: - Compiled by Shea Hammond
"The Influence of Campus Growth on the Travel Behavior of University Students, Faculty, andStaff" by Adkins and Mokhtarian (2016)Rapid community has been linked to greater transportation demand, especially in collegetowns. Mentioned previously, the student population at Clemson is over 25,000. Adding that tothe faculty and the population of the town of Clemson itself, and you are approaching numbersupwards of fifty thousand people. Adkins and Mokhatarian examined this more closely, lookingfor a relationship between campus growth and transportation demand. It was here that they wereable to find a positive correlation between the two aforementioned variables. Conducting alongitudinal study, they found that students and faculty tend to use single-occupancy vehiclesmore often than staff members. They also noted that campus growth can have spillover effects onthe surrounding community, such as increased traffic on local roads, and that transportationplanning should be a key consideration in campus growth decisions. When relating this to theClemson community, we can see the spillover on the parking spectrum, as the high demand forparking often leads to drastic measures. There are people who park by Hartwell village, and inthe bi-low plaza, which are both at least a mile away from campus, a 30 plus minute walk notmany people are willing to make. Resulting from this, they rely on bus transportation which isoften crowded or their departure and arrival times don't coincide with other people's schedules.It's also important to recognize that adding new structures like parking garages and academicbuildings will not only lead to further congestion, but could also create eyesores for communitymembers, affecting the place-making we mentioned earlier, which aims to create likeabilty, nothave it dissipate.

The two publications provide a clearer knowledge of how fast community expansion mayalter the local travel of college students and citizens of Clemson, which may assist to answer thestudy question that was posed. The first piece, which was written by McCartt, Hellinga, andWells (2009), investigates the impact of a college community campaign that targeted drinkingand driving and included a heavy component of enforcement. This article investigates theefficacy of a program aimed at lowering the number of college students who drink and then getbehind the wheel. This may give some insight into how a focused campaign can have a directinfluence on the behavior of college students and the amount of local travel they engage in,which can be helpful. According to the findings of the research, the campaign had a considerableinfluence on the actions taken by college students, resulting in a decline in the practice ofdrinking and driving as well as an increase in safe travel habits., fromThe second article that RW (2010) has written includes an overview of the size of collegedrinking and associated issues as well as preventative strategies. This article gives a detailed lookat the many preventative and intervention approaches that may be utilized to limit the quantity ofdrinking that occurs among college students as well as the issues that are associated with it. Thisarticle may provide some insight into how various preventive and intervention measures mayassist to lessen the amount of local travel that is done by college students and residents ofClemson. In addition, the reader may get an awareness of the possible repercussions of fastcommunity expansion via the reading of this article. Some of these potential implications includean increase in the number of issues that are linked to alcohol and an increase in the quantity oflocal travel.

In general, both of these articles might be helpful when trying to comprehend the possibleimplications that fast community expansion could have on local transit between college studentsand citizens of Clemson. The first article may give some insight into how the behavior of collegestudents and their travel patterns can be affected by a campaign that is especially targetingdrinking and driving. The second article can provide an understanding of the various preventionand intervention strategies that may help to reduce the amount of local travel that collegestudents and residents of Clemson do. Additionally, the second article can provide anunderstanding of the potential consequences of rapid community growth. Researchers mayacquire a better grasp of the possible implications of fast community expansion on local travelbetween college students and citizens of Clemson by studying the data of these two publications.

Economic Growth in College Towns - Wendy

It is evident that college growth impacts the town that it calls home. Growth surroundingthe university can most presently be seen when the school is placed in a small rural town thatrides on the back of university success. A study conducted by Katherin White analyzes economicgrowth in four small rural towns that a college campus calls home. When discussing economic
growth of these towns, she says "Small towns must be more creative and flexible in theireconomic development strategies in order to compete with the wide array of tools and resourcesthat large cities have to offer" (White, 2022). The City of Clemson was founded along with theuniversity and named after Thomas Green Clemson. Decades and a few football nationalchampionships later, the city is developed because of the university. Clemson University canoffer many things to the town and the people including things like "...long-term planning,regional and cross-sector collaborations, and promote local-first economies and entrepreneursthrough programs and educational institution partnerships" (White, 2022). Throughout KatherineWhite's study, it is mentioned that rural towns need to be adaptive to the economic growth andideas to support the small town. The City of Clemson has latched on to new ideas, which can beseen in residential infrastructure growth, more money put into roadways and the addition of newbusinesses throughout the years.Bob Davis of the Wall Street Journal produced an article detailing the way college townshave saved rural cities from despair. "[colleges]... provided a steady source of employment,improved nimbleness of the local workforce and helped attract new business to replace those thatfled when times got tough" (Davis). Many towns that live in small scale urban life, have manycitizens struggling to make ends meet but the university campuses help fill those gaps ofunemployment. "Tapping the resources of nearby colleges and universities helps communitiescope with economic turmoil" (Davis). Clemson University produces highly educated people yeafter year and large companies have taken notice. Surrounding areas of this town have becomehome to major company plants, including BMW and Boeing. The spark that university studentsprovide, can continue to attract major corporations which in turn, keeps the city growing.

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