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college physics reasoning
Questions and Answers of
College Physics Reasoning
A balloon is launched at sea level, where the air pressure is \(100 \mathrm{kPa}\). The helium has a volume of \(1000 \mathrm{~m}^{3}\) at this altitude. What is the volume of the helium when the
A balloon is launched at sea level, where the air pressure is \(100 \mathrm{kPa}\). The density in the hot-air chamber is \(1.0 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^{3}\). What is the density of the air when
A balloon is at a height of \(5.0 \mathrm{~km}\) and is descending at a constant rate. The buoyancy force is directed ; the drag force is directedA. Up, upB. Up, downC. Down, upD. Down,
When you exhale, all of the air in your lungs must exit through the trachea. If you exhale through your nose, this air subsequently leaves through your nostrils. The area of your nostrils is less
Sneezing requires an increase in pressure of the air in the lungs;a typical sneeze might result in an extra pressure of \(7.0 \mathrm{kPa}\). Estimate how much force this exerts on the diaphragm, the
A \(20 \mathrm{~kg}\) block of aluminum sits on the bottom of a tank of water. How much force does the block exert on the bottom of the tank?Long-distance balloon flights are usually made using a
Postural hypotension is the occurrence of low (systolic) blood pressure when standing up too quickly from a reclined position, causing fainting or lightheadedness. For most people, a systolic
We've seen that fish can control their buoyancy through the use of a swim bladder, a gas-filled organ inside the body. You can assume that the gas pressure inside the swim bladder is roughly equal to
To determine an athlete's body fat, she is weighed first in air and then again while she's completely underwater, as discussed on page
It is found that she weighs \(690 \mathrm{~N}\) when weighed in air and \(42 \mathrm{~N}\) when weighed underwater. What is her average density?
A person's percentage of body fat can be estimated by weighing the person both in air and underwater, from which the average density \(ho_{\text {avg }}\) can be calculated. A widely used equation
Water flows into a horizontal, cylindrical pipe at \(1.4 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). The pipe then narrows until its diameter is halved. What is the pressure difference between the wide and narrow
There are two carotid arteries that feed blood to the brain, one on each side of the neck and head. One patient's carotid arteries are each \(11.2 \mathrm{~cm}\) long and have an inside diameter of
Smoking tobacco is bad for your circulatory health. In an attempt to maintain the blood's capacity to deliver oxygen, the body increases its red blood cell production, and this increases the
A stiff, 10-cm-long tube with an inner diameter of \(3.0 \mathrm{~mm}\) is attached to a small hole in the side of a tall beaker. The tube sticks out horizontally. The beaker is filled with
There is a limit to how long your neck can be. If your neck were too long, no blood would reach your brain! What is the maximum height a person's brain could be above his heart, given the noted
Because the flow speed in your capillaries is much less than in the aorta, the total cross-section area of the capillaries considered together must be much larger than that of the aorta. Given the
A hanging spring has length 10 cm. A 100 g mass is hung from the spring, stretching it to 12 cm. What will be the length of the spring if this mass is replaced by a 200 g mass? A. 14 cm B. 16 cm C.
Suppose that in response to some stimulus a small blood vessel narrows to \(90 \%\) of its original diameter. If there is no change in the pressure across the vessel, what is the ratio of the new
Give three real-world examples of oscillatory motion. (Note that circular motion is similar to, but not the same as oscillatory motion.)
Two oscillating systems have periods T1 and T2, with T12. How are the frequencies of the two systems related? A. fi f
A ball is hung from a rope, making a pendulum. When it is pulled 5° to the side, the restoring force is 1.0 N. What will be the magnitude of the restoring force if the ball is pulled 10° to the
The graphs in the table above apply to pendulum motion as well as the motion of a mass on a spring. A pendulum in a clock has a period of 2.0 seconds.You pull the pendulum to the right-a positive
A tall building is swaying back and forth on a gusty day. The wind picks up and doubles the amplitude of the oscillation. By what factor does the maximum speed of the top of the building increase?
A spring scale hung from the ceiling stretches by \(6.4 \mathrm{~cm}\) when a \(1.0 \mathrm{~kg}\) mass is hung from it. The \(1.0 \mathrm{~kg}\) mass is removed and replaced with a \(1.5
The figures show Elastic cords lead to the up-and-down motion of a bungee jump.four identical oscillators at different points in their motion. Which is moving fastest at the time shown? A. wwwww. B.
A child is on a swing, gently swinging back and forth with a maximum angle of \(5^{\circ}\). A friend gives her a small push so that she now swings with a maximum angle of \(10^{\circ}\). By what
Four mass-spring systems have masses and spring constants shown here. Rank in order, from highest to lowest, the frequencies of the oscillations. A. B. www.4mm M m M wwwo" wwwww2.m M C. D. M www.m 2k
A pendulum clock is made with a metal rod. It keeps perfect time at a temperature of 20°C. At a higher temperature, the metal rod lengthens.How will this change the clock's timekeeping?A. The clock
Rank in order, from largest to smallest, the time constants TA to To of the decays in the figures. The scales on all the graphs are the same. Xmax Xmax Xmax Xmas A. B. C. D.
A block oscillating on a spring has period \(T=2.0 \mathrm{~s}\).a. What is the period if the block's mass is doubled?b. What is the period if the value of the spring constant is quadrupled?c. What
A pendulum on Planet \(X\), where the value of \(g\) is unknown, oscillates with a period of \(2.0 \mathrm{~s}\). What is the period of this pendulum if:a. Its mass is doubled?b. Its length is
Denver is at a higher elevation than Miami; the free-fall acceleration is slightly less at this higher elevation. If a pendulum clock keeps perfect time in Miami, will it run fast or slow in Denver?
We can model the motion of a dragonfly's wing as simple harmonic motion. The total distance between the upper and lower limits of motion of the wing tip is \(1.0 \mathrm{~cm}\). The wing oscillates
We can model the motion of a bumblebee's wing as simple harmonic motion. A bee beats its wings 250 times per second, and the wing tip moves at a maximum speed of \(2.5 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\).
It is possible to identify promising locations for oil drilling by making accurate measurements of the local value of \(g\) : A low value means there is low-density material under the surface, which
Hummingbirds may seem fragile, but their wings are capable of sustaining very large forces and accelerations. Figure P14.16 shows data for the vertical position of the wing tip of a rufous
A 50-cm-long spring is suspended from the ceiling. A \(250 \mathrm{~g}\) mass is connected to the end and held at rest with the spring unstretched. The mass is released and falls, stretching the
A spring has an unstretched length of \(20 \mathrm{~cm}\). A \(100 \mathrm{~g}\) mass hanging from the spring stretches it to an equilibrium length of \(30 \mathrm{~cm}\).a. Suppose the mass is
A \(200 \mathrm{~g}\) mass attached to a horizontal spring oscillates at a frequency of \(2.0 \mathrm{~Hz}\). At one instant, the mass is at \(x=5.0 \mathrm{~cm}\) and has \(v_{x}=-30 \mathrm{~cm} /
I A ball of mass \(m\) oscillates on a spring with spring constant \(k=200 \mathrm{~N} / \mathrm{m}\). The ball's position is \(x=(0.350 \mathrm{~m}) \cos (15.0 t)\), with \(t\) measured in
I A car bounces up and down on its springs at \(1.0 \mathrm{~Hz}\) with only the driver in the car. Now the driver is joined by four friends. The new frequency of oscillation when the car bounces on
The mass in a pendulum clock completes one complete swing in \(1.00 \mathrm{~s}\). What is the length of the rod?
A heavy brass ball is used to make a pendulum with a period of \(5.5 \mathrm{~s}\). How long is the cable that connects the pendulum ball to the ceiling?A. \(4.7 \mathrm{~m}\)B. \(6.2 \mathrm{~m}\)C.
Interestingly, there have been several studies using cadavers to determine the moment of inertia of human body parts by letting them swing as a pendulum about a joint. In one study, the center of
An elephant's legs have a reasonably uniform cross section from top to bottom, and they are quite long, pivoting high on the animal's body. When an elephant moves at a walk, it uses very little
A physics department has a Foucault pendulum, a longperiod pendulum suspended from the ceiling. The pendulum has an electric circuit that keeps it oscillating with a constant amplitude. When the
Taipei 101 (a 101-story building in Taiwan) is sited in an area that is prone to earthquakes and typhoons, both of which can lead to dangerous oscillations of the building. To reduce the maximum
An object oscillating on a spring has the velocity graph shown in Figure P14.50. Draw a velocity graph if the following changes are made.a. The amplitude is doubled and the frequency is halved.b. The
The two graphs in Figure P14.51 are for two different vertical mass-spring systems.a. What is the frequency of system \(\mathrm{A}\) ? What is the first time at which the mass has maximum speed while
A \(100 \mathrm{~g}\) ball attached to a spring with spring constant \(2.50 \mathrm{~N} / \mathrm{m}\) oscillates horizontally on a frictionless table. Its velocity is \(20.0 \mathrm{~cm} /
A compact car has a mass of \(1200 \mathrm{~kg}\). When empty, the car bounces up and down on its springs 2.0 times per second. What is the car's oscillation frequency when it is carrying four \(70
A car with a total mass of \(1400 \mathrm{~kg}\) (including passengers) is driving down a washboard road with bumps spaced \(5.0 \mathrm{~m}\) apart. The ride is roughest-that is, the car bounces up
Figure P14.59 shows two springs, each with spring constant \(20 \mathrm{~N} / \mathrm{m}\), connecting a \(2.5 \mathrm{~kg}\) block to two walls. The block slides on a frictionless surface. The block
Orangutans can move by brachiation, swinging like a pendulum beneath successive handholds. If an orangutan has arms that are \(0.90 \mathrm{~m}\) long and repeatedly swings to a \(20^{\circ}\) angle,
A jellyfish can propel Deflection \((\mathrm{cm})\) itself with jets of water pushed out of its bell, a flexible structure on top of its body. The elastic bell and the water it contains function as a
An infant's toy has a \(120 \mathrm{~g}\) wooden animal hanging from a spring. If pulled down gently, the animal oscillates up and down with a period of \(0.50 \mathrm{~s}\). His older sister pulls
While seated on a tall bench, extend your lower leg a small amount and then let it swing freely about your knee joint, with no muscular engagement. It will oscillate as a damped pendulum. Figure
Modeling the motion of the fly on the web as a mass on a spring, at what frequency will the web vibrate when the fly hits it?A. \(0.91 \mathrm{~Hz}\)B. \(2.9 \mathrm{~Hz}\)C. \(9.1 \mathrm{~Hz}\)D.
If the web were vertical rather than horizontal, how would the frequency of oscillation be affected?A. The frequency would be higher.B. The frequency would be lower.C. The frequency would be the
Spiders are more sensitive to oscillations at higher frequencies. For example, a low-frequency oscillation at \(1 \mathrm{~Hz}\) can be detected for amplitudes down to \(0.1 \mathrm{~mm}\), but a
A wooden toy hangs from a spring. When you pull it down and release it, it reaches the highest point of its motion after 1.0 s. What is the frequency of the oscillation?A. 2.0 Hz B. 1.5 Hz C. 1.0 Hz
Spectators at a sporting event do "The Wave," as shown in the photo on the preceding page. Is this a transverse or longitudinal wave?
Suppose you shake the end of a stretched string to produce a wave. Which of the following actions would increase the speed of the wave down the string? There may be more than one correct answer; if
The wave pulses shown in Figure Q15.3 travel along the same string. Rank in order, from largest to smallest, their wave speeds \(v_{1}, v_{2}\), and \(v_{3}\). Explain. V V2 2 3. FIGURE Q15.3 V3
The figure at right is a snapshot graph of a wave moving to the left. The wave is to the right of the origin, but it will reach the origin as it moves. Construct a history graph for the motion of the
Three waves travel to the right with the same speed. Which wave has the highest frequency? All three graphs have the same horizontal scale. A. y B. Y C. y win win. x
Comparing two different types of electromagnetic waves, infrared and ultraviolet, we can say thatA. Infrared has a longer wavelength and higher frequency than ultraviolet.B. Infrared has a shorter
Harbor seals, like many animals, determine the direction from which a sound is coming by sensing the difference in arrival times at their two ears. A small difference in arrival times means that the
A medical ultrasound imaging system sends out a steady B10 stream of very short pulses. To simplify analysis, the reflection of one pulse should be received before the next is transmitted. If the
A plane wave, a circular wave, and a spherical wave all have the same intensity. Each of the waves travels the same distance. Afterward, which wave has the highest intensity?A. The plane wave B. The
An earthquake \(45 \mathrm{~km}\) from a city produces \(\mathrm{P}\) and \(\mathrm{S}\) waves that travel outward at 5000 and \(3000 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\), respectively. Once city residents
You are overhearing a very heated conversation that registers 80 dB. You walk some distance away so that the intensity decreases by a factor of 100. What is the sound intensity level now?A. 70 dB B.
A stationary boat in the ocean is experiencing waves from a storm. The waves move at \(56 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}\) and have a wavelength of \(160 \mathrm{~m}\), both typical values. The boat is at
Amy and Zack are both listening to the source of sound waves that is moving to the right. Compare the frequencies each hears. A. JAmy >Zack B. fAmy=fzack C. JAmy zack Amy 10 m/s Zack
Figure P15.9 is a snapshot graph of a wave at \(t=0 \mathrm{~s}\). Draw the history graph for this wave at \(x=6 \mathrm{~m}\), for \(t=0 \mathrm{~s}\) to \(6 \mathrm{~s}\). y (cm) I m/s 1 2 3 4 567
Figure P15.10 is a snapshot graph of a wave at \(t=2 \mathrm{~s}\). Draw the history graph for this wave at \(x=0 \mathrm{~m}\), for \(t=0 \mathrm{~s}\) to \(8 \mathrm{~s}\). y (cm) 1 m/s- 1 2 3 4 5
Figure P15.11 is a history graph at \(x=0 \mathrm{~m}\) of a wave moving to the right at \(1 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). Draw a snapshot graph of this wave at \(t=1 \mathrm{~s}\). y (cm) -2-1 1 2 3 4
Bottlenose dolphins use echolocation pulses with a frequency of about \(100 \mathrm{kHz}\), higher than the frequencies used by most bats. Why might you expect these water-dwelling creatures to use
Figure P15.12 is a history graph at \(x=2 \mathrm{~m}\) of a wave moving to the left at \(1 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). Draw the snapshot graph of this wave at \(t=0 \mathrm{~s}\). -I (cm) 1 1 2 3 4
Some bat species have auditory systems that work best over a narrow range of frequencies. To account for this, the bats adjust the sound frequencies they emit so that the returning, Doppler shifted
A laser beam has intensity \(I_{0}\).a. What is the intensity, in terms of \(I_{0}\), if a lens focuses the laser beam to \(1 / 10\) its initial diameter?b. What is the intensity, in terms of
The motion detector used in a physics lab sends and receives \(40 \mathrm{kHz}\) ultrasonic pulses. A pulse goes out, reflects off the object being measured, and returns to the detector. The lab
The volume control on a stereo is designed so that three clicks of the dial increase the output by \(10 \mathrm{~dB}\). How many clicks are required to increase the power output of the loudspeakers
You are standing at \(x=0 \mathrm{~m}\), listening to seven identical sound sources described by Figure Q15.18. At \(t=0 \mathrm{~s}\), all seven are at \(x=343 \mathrm{~m}\) and moving as shown
A traveling wave has displacement given by \(y(x, t)=\) \((2.0 \mathrm{~cm}) \times \cos (2 \pi x-4 \pi t)\), where \(x\) is measured in \(\mathrm{cm}\) and \(t\) in \(\mathrm{s}\).a. Draw a snapshot
Police radar guns work by measuring the change in frequency of a reflected pulse of electromagnetic waves. A gun reads correctly only if a car is moving directly toward or away from the person making
What is the frequency of blue light with a wavelength of \(400 \mathrm{~nm}\) ?A. \(1.33 \times 10^{3} \mathrm{~Hz}\)B. \(7.50 \times 10^{12} \mathrm{~Hz}\)C. \(1.33 \times 10^{14} \mathrm{~Hz}\)D.
People with very good pitch discrimination can very quickly determine what note they are listening to. The note on the musical scale called \(\mathrm{C}_{6}\) (two octaves above middle \(\mathrm{C}\)
A dolphin emits ultrasound at \(100 \mathrm{kHz}\) and uses the timing of reflections to determine the position of objects in the water. What is the wavelength of this ultrasound?
Ifa. What is the frequency of blue light that has a wavelength of \(450 \mathrm{~nm}\) ?b. What is the frequency of red light that has a wavelength of \(650 \mathrm{~nm}\) ?
Research vessels at sea can create images of their surroundings by sending out sound waves and measuring the time until they detect echoes. This image of a shipwreck on the ocean bottom was made from
Sound is detected when a sound wave causes the eardrum to vibrate. Typically, the diameter of the eardrum is about \(8.4 \mathrm{~mm}\) in humans. When someone speaks to you in a normal tone of
The sun emits electromagnetic waves with a power of \(4.0 \times 10^{26} \mathrm{~W}\). Determine the intensity of electromagnetic waves from the sun just outside the atmospheres of(a) Venus,(b)
It At noon on a sunny day, the intensity of sunlight is \(1000 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^{2}\). A student uses a circular lens \(5.0 \mathrm{~cm}\) in diameter to focus light from the sun onto a
Lasers can be used to drill or cut material. One such laser generates a series of high-power pulses of light. Each pulse contains \(500 \mathrm{~mJ}\) of energy and lasts \(10 \mathrm{~ns}\). A lens
What is the sound intensity level of a sound with an intensity of \(3.0 \times 10^{-6} \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^{2}\) ?
What is the sound intensity of a whisper at a distance of \(2.0 \mathrm{~m}\), in \(\mathrm{W} / \mathrm{m}^{2}\) ? What is the corresponding sound intensity level in \(\mathrm{dB}\) ?
You hear a sound at \(65 \mathrm{~dB}\). What is the sound intensity level if the intensity of the sound is doubled?
A concert loudspeaker suspended high off the ground emits \(35 \mathrm{~W}\) of sound power. A small microphone with a \(1.0 \mathrm{~cm}^{2}\) area is \(50 \mathrm{~m}\) from the speaker. What
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