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college physics reasoning
Questions and Answers of
College Physics Reasoning
The highest-energy cosmic ray ever detected had an energy of about \(3.0 \times 10^{20} \mathrm{eV}\). Assume that this cosmic ray was a proton.a. What was the proton's speed as a fraction of \(c\)
What is the speed of an electron after being accelerated from INT rest through a \(20 \times 10^{6} \mathrm{~V}\) potential difference?
What is the speed of a proton after being accelerated from \(\mathbb{N} T\) rest through a \(50 \times 10^{6} \mathrm{~V}\) potential difference?
What is the momentum of a particle with speed \(0.95 c\) and total energy \(2.0 \times 10^{-10} \mathrm{~J}\) ?
A standard nuclear power plant generates \(3.0 \mathrm{GW}\) of thermal power from the fission of \({ }^{235} \mathrm{U}\). Experiments show that, on average, \(0.19 \mathrm{u}\) of mass is lost in
The nuclear reaction that powers the sun is the fusion of four protons into a helium nucleus. The process involves several steps, but the net reaction is simply \(4 \mathrm{p} \rightarrow{ }^{4}
The chemical energy of gasoline is \(46 \mathrm{MJ} / \mathrm{kg}\). If gasoline's mass could be completely converted into energy, what mass of gasoline would be needed to equal the chemical energy
When antimatter (which we'll learn more about in Chapter 30) interacts with an equal mass of ordinary matter, both matter and antimatter are converted completely into energy in the form of photons.
What is the half-life of a pion in the reference frame of the patient undergoing pion therapy?A. \(1.8 \times 10^{-10} \mathrm{~s}\)B. \(1.8 \times 10^{-8} \mathrm{~s}\)C. \(1.8 \times 10^{-7}
According to the pion, what is the distance it travels from the accelerator to the medical bay?A. \(0.30 \mathrm{~m}\)B. \(3.0 \mathrm{~m}\)C. \(30 \mathrm{~m}\)D. \(3000 \mathrm{~m}\)
The proton collision that creates the pion also creates a gamma-ray photon traveling in the same direction as the pion. The photon will get to the medical bay first because it is moving faster. What
A laser illuminates two slits, leading to the interference pattern shown below. After the right-hand slit is covered up, what will the pattern look like?
If the pion slows down to \(0.99990 c\), about what percentage of its kinetic energy is lost?A. \(0.03 \%\)B. \(0.3 \%\)C. \(3 \%\)D. \(30 \%\)
X rays with a wavelength of \(0.12 \mathrm{~nm}\) undergo first-order diffraction from a crystal at a \(68^{\circ}\) angle of incidence. What is the angle of second-order diffraction?
The first-order \(x\)-ray diffraction of monochromatic \(x\) rays from a crystal occurs at angle \(\theta_{1}\). The crystal is then compressed, causing a slight reduction in its yolume. Does
The first-order di ffraction of x rays from two crystals with simple cubic structure is measured. The first-order di ffrac tion from crystal A occurs at an angle of20°. The first-order diffraction
X rays with a wavelength of \(0.20 \mathrm{~nm}\) undergo first-order diffraction from a crystal at a \(54^{\circ}\) angle of incidence. At what angle does first-order diffraction occur for
Explain the reasoning by which we claim that the stopping potential \(V_{\text {stop }}\) measures the maximum kinetic energy of the electrons in a photoelectric-effect experiment.
The work functions of metals A, B, and Care 3.0 eV, 4.0 eV, and 5.0 eV, respectively. UV light shines on all three metals, causing electrons to be emitted. Rank in order, from largest to smallest,
How does Einstein's explanation account for each of these characteristics of the photoelectric effect?a. The photoelectric current is zero for frequencies below some threshold.b. The photoelectric
X rays diffract from a crystal in which the spacing between atomic planes is \(0.175 \mathrm{~nm}\). The second-order diffraction occurs at \(45.0^{\circ}\). What is the angle of the first-order
The intensity of a beam of light is increased but the light's frequency is unchanged. Which one (or perhaps more than one) of the following is true?A. The photons travel faster.B. Each photon has
The spacing between atomic planes in a crystal is \(0.110 \mathrm{~nm}\). If \(12.0 \mathrm{keV} \mathrm{x}\) rays are diffracted by this crystal, what are the angles of(a) first-order and(b)
A current is detected in a photoelectric-effect experiment when the cathode is illuminated with green light. Will a current necessarily be detected if the cathode is illuminated with blue light? With
A beam of electrons, a beam of protons, and a beam of oxygen atoms each pass at the same speed through a 1-μ,m-wide slit. Which will produce the widest central maximum on a detector behind the
X rays with a wavelength of \(0.085 \mathrm{~nm}\) diffract from a crystal in which the spacing between atomic planes is \(0.18 \mathrm{~nm}\). How many diffraction orders are observed?
In the photoelectric effect experiment, as illustrated by Figure Q28.6, a current is measured while light is shining on the cathode. But this does not appear to be a complete circuit, so how can
A particle in a box, with the standing matter wave shown, has an energy of 8.0 eV. What is the lowest energy that this particle can have?A . 1.0 eV B. 2.0 eV C. 4.0 eV D. 8.0eV
Figure Q28.5 shows the typical photoelectric behavior of a metal as the anode-cathode potential difference \(\Delta V\) is varied.a. Why do the curves become horizontal for \(\Delta V \geqq 1
For the system shown in Figure 28.19, which are possible energies of emitted photons? There may be more than one correct answer.A. 40eV B. 50eV C. 60 eV D. 70eV E. 80eV FIGURE 28.19 Energy levels
A photon with a wavelength of 4 10 nm has energy Ephoton = 3.0 eV. Do you expect to see a spectral line with λ = 410 nm in the emission spectrum of the system represented by this energy level
A metal surface is illuminated by light with a wavelength of \(350 \mathrm{~nm}\). The maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electrons is found to be \(1.50 \mathrm{eV}\). What is the maximum
Electrons are emitted when a metal is illuminated by light with a wavelength less than \(388 \mathrm{~nm}\) but for no greater wavelength. What is the metal's work function?
Metal surfaces on spacecraft in bright sunlight develop a net electric charge. Do they develop a negative or a positive charge? Explain.
A gold cathode is illuminated with light of wavelength \(250 \mathrm{~nm}\). It is found that the current is zero when \(\Delta V=1.0 \mathrm{~V}\). Would the current change ifa. The light intensity
The speeds of an electron and a proton have been measured to the same uncertainty. Which one has a larger uncertainty in position?A. The proton, because it's more massive. B. The electron, because
Light with a wavelength of \(375 \mathrm{~nm}\) illuminates a metal cathode. The maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electrons is \(0.76 \mathrm{eV}\). What is the longest wavelength of light that
Three laser beams have wavelengths \(\lambda_{1}=400 \mathrm{~nm}, \lambda_{2}=600 \mathrm{~nm}\), and \(\lambda_{3}=800 \mathrm{~nm}\). The power of each laser beam is \(1 \mathrm{~W}\).a. Rank in
When we say that a photon is a "quantum of light," what does that mean? What is quantized?
A solar cell is illuminated with \(2.0 \mathrm{~W}\) of light. Is the maximum possible current greater with \(2.0 \mathrm{~W}\) of red light or \(2.0 \mathrm{~W}\) of blue light?
Zinc has a work function of \(4.3 \mathrm{eV}\).a. What is the longest wavelength of light that will release an electron from a zinc surface?b. A \(4.7 \mathrm{eV}\) photon strikes the surface and an
An investigator is measuring the current in a photoelectric effect experiment. The cathode is illuminated by light of a single wavelength. What happens to the current if the wavelength of the light
Image intensifiers used in nightvision devices create a bright image from dim light by letting the light first fall on a photocathode. Electrons emitted by the photoelectric effect are accelerated
To have the best resolution, should an electron microscope use very fast electrons or very slow electrons? Explain.
A neutron is shot straight up with an initial speed of \(100 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). As it rises, does its de Broglie wavelength increase, decrease, or not change? Explain.
A firefly glows by the direct conversion of chemical energy to light. The light emitted by a firefly has peak intensity at a wavelength of \(550 \mathrm{~nm}\).a. What is the minimum chemical energy,
Electrons are accelerated from rest through an \(8000 \mathrm{~V}\) potential difference. By what factor would their de Broglie wavelength increase if they were instead accelerated through a \(2000
Can an electron with a de Broglie wavelength of \(2 \mu \mathrm{m}\) pass through a slit that is \(1 \mu \mathrm{m}\) wide? Explain.
Figure Q28.20 shows the standing de Broglie wave of a particle in a box.a. What is the quantum number?b. Can you determine from this picture whether the "classical" particle is moving to the right or
The laser in a DVD player emits light at a wavelength of \(640 \mathrm{~nm}\). The laser in a Blu-Ray player emits light at \(405 \mathrm{~nm}\). What are the photon energies of each laser, in
Figure Q28.23 shows a standing de Broglie wave.a. Does this standing wave represent a particle that travels back and forth between the boundaries with a constant speed or a changing speed? Explain.b.
A particle in a box of length \(L_{\mathrm{a}}\) has \(E_{1}=2 \mathrm{eV}\). The same particle in a box of length \(L_{\mathrm{b}}\) has \(E_{2}=50 \mathrm{eV}\). What is the ratio \(L_{\mathrm{a}}
It The wavelengths of light emitted by a firefly span the visible spectrum but have maximum intensity near \(550 \mathrm{~nm}\). A typical flash lasts for \(100 \mathrm{~ms}\) and has a power of
At \(510 \mathrm{~nm}\), the wavelength of maximum sensitivity of the human eye, the dark-adapted eye can sense a 100-ms-long flash of light of total energy \(4.0 \times 10^{-17} \mathrm{~J}\).
Science fiction movies often use devices that transport people and objects rapidly from one position to another. To "beam" people in this fashion means taking them apart atom by atom, carefully
A light sensor is based on a photodiode that requires a minimum photon energy of \(1.7 \mathrm{eV}\) to create mobile electrons. What is the longest wavelength of electromagnetic radiation that the
A circuit employs a silicon solar cell to detect flashes of light lasting \(0.25 \mathrm{~s}\). The smallest current the circuit can detect reliably is \(0.42 \mu \mathrm{A}\). Assuming that all
In a photoelectric effect experiment, the frequency of the light is increased while the intensity is held constant. As a result,A. There are more electrons.B. The electrons are faster.C. Both A and
In a photoelectric effect experiment, the intensity of the light is increased while the frequency, which is above the threshold frequency, is held constant. As a result, A. There are more
a. What is the de Broglie wavelength of a \(200 \mathrm{~g}\) baseball with a speed of \(30 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) ?b. What is the speed of a \(200 \mathrm{~g}\) baseball with a de Broglie
In the photoelectric effect, electrons are never emitted from a metal if the frequency of the incoming light is below a certain threshold value. This is becauseA. Photons of lower-frequency light
Visible light has a wavelength of about \(500 \mathrm{~nm}\). A typical radio wave has a wavelength of about \(1.0 \mathrm{~m}\). How many photons of the radio wave are needed to equal the energy of
Many medical PET scans use the isotope \({ }^{18} \mathrm{~F}\), which has a half-life of \(1.8 \mathrm{~h}\). A sample prepared at 10:00 A.M. has an activity of \(20 \mathrm{mCi}\). What is the
The technetium isotope \({ }^{99} \mathrm{Tc}\) is useful in medical imaging, but its short \(6.0 \mathrm{~h}\) halflife means that shipping it from a source won't work; it must be created where it
A \(50 \mathrm{~kg}\) nuclear plant worker is exposed to \(20 \mathrm{~mJ}\) of neutron radiation with an RBE of 10 . What is the dose in \(\mathrm{mSv}\) ?
\(150 \mathrm{rad}\) of gamma radiation are directed into a \(150 \mathrm{~g}\) tumor. How much energy does the tumor absorb?
During the 1950s, nuclear bombs were tested on islands in the South Pacific. In one test, personnel on a nearby island received \(10 \mathrm{mGy}\) per hour of beta and gamma radiation. At this rate,
\({ }^{131} \mathrm{I}\) undergoes beta-minus decay with a subsequent gamma emission from the daughter nucleus. Iodine in the body is almost entirely taken up by the thyroid gland, so a gamma scan
Two radio stations have the same power output from their antennas. One broadcasts AM at a frequency of \(1000 \mathrm{kHz}\) and one broadcasts FM at a frequency of \(100 \mathrm{MHz}\). Which
A paramecium is covered with motile hairs called cilia that propel it at a speed of \(1 \mathrm{~mm} / \mathrm{s}\). If the paramecium has a volume of \(2 \times 10^{-13} \mathrm{~m}^{3}\) and a
Light consisting of \(2.7 \mathrm{eV}\) photons is incident on a piece of potassium, which has a work function of \(2.3 \mathrm{eV}\). What is the maximum kinetic energy of the ejected electrons?A.
How many photons does a \(5.0 \mathrm{~mW}\) helium-neon laser \((\lambda=633 \mathrm{~nm})\) emit in 1 second?A. \(1.2 \times 10^{19}\)B. \(4.0 \times 10^{18}\)C. \(8.0 \times 10^{16}\)D. \(1.6
You shoot a beam of electrons through a double slit to make an interference pattern. After noting the properties of the pattern, you then double the speed of the electrons. What effect would this
Photon P in Figure Q28.35 moves an electron from energy level \(n=1\) to energy level \(n=3\). The electron jumps down to \(n=2\), emitting photon \(\mathrm{Q}\), and then jumps down to \(n=1\),
A quantum system has three energy levels, so three wavelengths appear in its emission spectrum. The shortest observed wavelength is \(248 \mathrm{~nm}\); light with a \(414 \mathrm{~nm}\) wavelength
The speed of an electron is known to be between \(3.0 \times 10^{6} \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) and \(3.2 \times 10^{6} \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). Estimate the smallest possible uncertainty in its
A proton is confined within an atomic nucleus of diameter \(4 \mathrm{fm}\left(1 \mathrm{fm}=10^{-15} \mathrm{~m}\right)\). Estimate the smallest range of speeds you might find for a proton in the
In a photoelectric-effect experiment, the maximum kinetic energy of electrons is \(2.8 \mathrm{eV}\). When the wavelength of the light is increased by \(50 \%\), the maximum energy decreases to \(1.1
Light of constant intensity but varying wavelength was used to illuminate the cathode in a photoelectric-effect experiment. The graph of Figure P28.54 shows how the stopping potential depended on the
Suppose you need to image the structure of a virus with a BIO diameter of \(50 \mathrm{~nm}\). For a sharp image, the wavelength of the probing wave must be \(5.0 \mathrm{~nm}\) or less. We have seen
Gamma rays are photons with very high energy.a. What is the wavelength of a gamma-ray photon with energy \(625 \mathrm{keV}\) ?b. How many visible-light photons with a wavelength of \(500
A red laser with a wavelength of \(650 \mathrm{~nm}\) and a blue laser with a wavelength of \(450 \mathrm{~nm}\) emit laser beams with the same light power. What is the ratio of the red laser's
In a laser range-finding experiment, a pulse of laser light is fired toward an array of reflecting mirrors left on the moon by Apollo astronauts. By measuring the time it takes for the pulse to
What is the kinetic energy in \(\mathrm{eV}\) of an electron whose de Broglie wavelength is \(10 \%\) of the wavelength of a photon of the same energy?
Electrons pass through a 200 -nm-diameter circular aperture,\(\mathbb{N T}\) forming a diffraction pattern on a detector \(1.2 \mathrm{~m}\) behind the aperture. What is the kinetic energy of the
It is stated in the text that special relativity must be used to calculate the de Broglie wavelength of electrons in an electron microscope. Let us discover how much of an effect relativity has.
As an electron in a one-dimensional box of length \(0.600 \mathrm{~nm}\) jumps between two energy levels, a photon of energy \(8.36 \mathrm{eV}\) is emitted. What are the quantum numbers of the two
Magnetic resonance is used in imaging; it is also a useful tool for analyzing chemical samples. Magnets for magnetic resonance experiments are often characterized by the proton resonance frequency
The electron has a magnetic moment, so you can do magnetic resonance measurements on substances with unpaired electron spins. The electron has a magnetic moment \(\mu=9.3 \times 10^{-24} \mathrm{~J}
When the \(x\)-ray photon scatters from the electron,A. Its speed increases.B. Its speed decreases.C. Its speed stays the same.Further support for the photon model of electromagnetic waves comes from
When the \(x\)-ray photon scatters from the electron, A. Its wavelength increases. B. Its wavelength decreases.C. Its wavelength stays the same.Further support for the photon model of
When the electron is struck by the \(x\)-ray photon,A. Its de Broglie wavelength increases.B. Its de Broglie wavelength decreases.C. Its de Broglie wavelength stays the same.Further support for the
X-ray diffraction can also change the direction of a beam of \(x\) rays. Which statement offers the best comparison between Compton scattering and \(\mathrm{x}\)-ray diffraction?A. X-ray diffraction
After the n = 1 to n = 3 absorption shown in the energy-level diagram to the left, which is a possible energy of an emitted photon?A. 1 eV B. 4eV C. 5 eV D. 9 eV
The black lines show the emission or absorption lines observed in two spectra of the same element. Which one is an emission spectrum and which is an absorption spectrum? . .
Carbon is the sixth element in the periodic table. How many protons and how many neutrons are there in a nucleus of the isotope 14C?
Can nuclei of the same element have different values of \(Z\) ? Of \(N\) ? Of \(A\) ? Can nuclei of different elements have the same values of \(Z\) ? Of \(N\) ? Of \(A\) ?
How many electrons, protons, and neutrons are contained in the following atoms or ions:(a) \({ }^{6} \mathrm{Li}\),(b) \({ }^{13} \mathrm{C}^{+}\), and(c) \({ }^{18} \mathrm{O}^{++}\)?
A photon with a wave-length of 410 nm has energy Ephoton = 3.0 eV. Do you expect to see a spectral line with λ = 410 nm in the emission spectrum of the atom represented by this energy-level diagram?
An atom has four energy levels. How many spectral lines are seen in its emission spectrum? In its absorption spectrum? How many absorption lines?
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