A rubber ball is dropped and bounces vertically from a horizontal concrete floor. If the ball has a speed of 3.0 m/s just before striking the floor and a speed of 2.5 m/s just after bouncing, what is...

Find the center of mass of the four particles in Figure P7.42. Their masses are m 1 = 12 kg, m 2? = 18 kg, m 3 = 7.9 kg, and m 4 = 23 kg. Figure P7.42 ? y (m). -10 -5. (m) 10- -5. m2

Suppose we place a chamber 10.0 cm long with flat parallel windows in one arm of a Michelson Interferometer that is being illuminated by 600-nm light. If the refractive index of air is 1.000 29 and...

An egg and a tomato of equal mass are dropped from the roof of a three-story building onto the sidewalk below. The sidewalk imparts an impulse to both as they splatter. (a) Is the impulse imparted to...

Imagine a Fresnel double mirror (in air) illuminated by monochromatic light at 600.0 nm. The source slit is parallel to and 1.000 m from the line of intersection of the mirrors. If the bright fringes...

Two pinholes in a thin sheet of aluminum are 1.00 mm apart and immersed in a large tank of water (n = 1.33). The holes are illuminated by 0 = 589.3 nm plane waves, and the resulting fringe system is...

Two incoherent lightbeams represented by (1, 1, 0, 0) and (3, 0, 0, 3) are superimposed. (a) Describe in detail the polarization states of each of these. (b) Determine the resulting Stokes parameters...

Find a Jones vector EË 2 representing a polarization state orthogonal to Sketch both of these. - 2i -2i

Figure P.8.67 shows two Polaroid linear polarizers and between them a microscope slide to which is attached a piece of cellophane tape. Explain what you see. Figure P.8.67

An L-state traverses an eighth-wave plate having a horizontal fast axis. What is its polarization state on emerging?

Right-circular light passes through a quarter-wave plate with a horizontal fast axis. Explain why you can expect the light to emerge linearly polarized at 45 in the first and third quadrants.

Suppose you were given a linear polarizer and a quarter-wave plate. How could you determine which was which, assuming you also had a source of natural light?

A narrow beam of natural light is incident at 56.0 on a glass plate (n = 1.50) in air. The reflected light is partially polarized. Determine the degree of polarization.

Light reflected from a glass (n g = 1.65) plate immersed in ethyl alcohol (n e = 1.36) is found to be completely linearly polarized. At what angle will the partially polarized beam be transmitted...

What is Brewsters angle for reflection of light from the surface of a piece of glass (n g = 1.65) immersed in water (n w = 1.33)?

At what angle will the reflection of the sky coming off the surface of a pond (n = 1.33) completely vanish when seen through a Polaroid filter?

A Wollaston prism is made of two 45° quartz prisms much like Fig. 8.34. Given that λ 0 = 589.3 nm, determine the angle separating the two emerging rays. As compared to a calcite...

A beam of light enters a calcite prism from the left, as shown in Fig. P.8.36. There are three possible orientations of the optic axis of particular interest, and these correspond to the x-, y-, and...

A thin film of ethyl alcohol (n = 1.36) spread on a flat glass plate and illuminated with white light shows a color pattern in reflection. If a region of the film reflects only green light (500 nm)...

Discuss in detail what you see in Fig. P.8.33. The crystal in the photograph is calcite, and it has a blunt corner at the upper left. The two Polaroids have their transmission axes parallel to their...

Given that 300 W/m 2 of light from an ordinary tungsten bulb arrives at an ideal linear polarizer, what is its radiant flux density on emerging?

Write an expression for a P-state lightwave of angular frequency and amplitude E 0 propagating along a line in the xyplane at 45 to the x-axis and having its plane-of-vibration corresponding to the...

Analytically, show that the superposition of an R- and an L-state having different amplitudes will yield an E-state, as shown in Fig. 8.11. What must ε be to duplicate that figure? Fig....

Consider the disturbance given by the expression vector E(z, t) = [i cos t + j cos (t - /2)]E 0 sin kz. What kind of wave is it? Draw a rough sketch showing its main features.

Describe completely the state of polarization of each of the following waves: (a) = Eo cos (kz wt) jE, cos (kz wt) |(b) E = Eo sin 2#(z/A vt) jEo sin 27(z/A vt) (c) = Eo sin (wt kz) + jEo...

Consider the following two waves expressed in SI units: E x = 8 sin (ky - t + /2) and E z = 8 sin (ky - t). Which wave leads, and by how much? Describe the resultant wave. What is the value of its...

Two waves E z = 4 sin (ky - t) and E x = 3 in (ky - t), both in SI units, overlap in space. Describe completely the state of polarization of the resultant.

Write a behavioral Verilog code for a floating-point multiplier using the IEEE single precision floating-point format. Use an overloaded multiplication operator instead of using an add-shift...

Realize the following next-state equation using a minimum number of Figure 6-1(a) logic blocks. Draw a diagram that shows the connections to the logic blocks and give the functions X and Y for each...

(a) Write Verilog code that describes the logic block shown in Figure 6-3. Use a module similar to that used in Problem 6.6(a), except add ZLUT and SA, SB, SC, and SD. SA, SB, SC, and SD represent...

Implement a 2-bit binary counter using one logic block as shown in Figure 6-1(a). A 0 is the least significant bit, and A 1 is the most significant bit of the counter. The counter has a synchronous...

An 8-bit right-shift register with parallel load is to be implemented using an FPGA with logic blocks as shown in Figure 6-1(a). The flip-flops are labeled X 7 X 6 X 5 X 4 X 3 X 2 X 1 X 0 . The...

Two long slits 0.10 mm wide, separated by 0.20 mm, in an opaque screen are illuminated by light with a wavelength of 500 nm. If the plane of observation is 2.5 m away, will the pattern correspond to...

(a) Figure 9-8 presents a model for a subset of MIPS instructions. Enhance the model by adding modules to interface the model to input switches and LEDs/ displays on an FPGA prototyping board. Your...

An old-fashioned (vinyl) record rotates at a constant rate of 33 rpm. (a) What is its angular speed in rad/s? (b) If the record has a radius of 18 cm, what is the linear speed of a point on its edge?

A diver stands at rest at the end of a massless diving board as shown in Figure P8.16.? (a) If the mass of the diver is 120 kg and the board is 4.0 m long, what is the torque due to gravity on the...

A person carries a long pole of mass 12 kg and length 4.5 m as shown in Figure P8.20. Find the magnitude of the torque on the pole due to gravity. Figure P8.20 ? 60

Two particles of mass m 1 = 15 kg and m 2 = 25 kg are connected by a massless rod of length 1.2 m. Find the moment of inertia of this system for rotations about the following pivot points: (a) the...

If the mass of a wheel is increased by a factor of 2 and the radius is increased by a factor of 1.5, by what factor is the moment of inertia increased? Model the wheel as a solid disc.

A ceiling fan of radius 45 cm runs at 90 rev/min. How far does the tip of the fan blade travel in 1 hour?

A Ferris wheel is moving at an initial angular velocity of 1.0 rev/30 s. If the operator then brings it to a stop in 3.0 min, what is the angular acceleration of the Ferris wheel? Express your answer...

Consider the flagpole in Figure P8.29. If the flagpole has a mass of 20 kg and length 10 m and the angle the cable makes with the pole is ?? = 25, what are the magnitude and direction of the force...

Prove that the equation when applied to a transmission grating, is independent of the refractive index. a(sin 0)m sin ;) ^ [10.61]

In a neutron star, all the mass has collapsed into a relatively small volume. (a) If a particular neutron star has a radius of 1000 m and a mass of 2.0 10 28 kg, what is its density? (b) Compare...

Consider a box with a lid 1.5 m wide and 0.70 m long. If the inside of the box is evacuated (i.e., its pressure is zero), how much force is required to open the lid? Could you open the lid?

Figure 10.12 shows a device that can be used to measure atmospheric pressure. If h = 6.5 m, what is the density of the liquid? Figure 10.12 ? Ptop = 0 (vacuum) h Patm

A swimming pool of depth 2.5 m is filled with ordinary (pure) water ( = 1000 kg/m 3 ). (a) What is the pressure at the bottom of the pool? (b) When the pool is filled with very salty water, the...

An object has a weight of 20 N in air and an apparent weight of 5.0 N when submerged in water. What is its density? Will it float?

Consider an airplane wing of area 20 m 2 . If the airflow speed over the top of the wing is 200 m/s, while the speed across the bottom is 150 m/s, what is the lift force on the wing at sea level at...

Plane waves ( = 550 nm) impinge normally on a 5.00-mm diameter hole in an opaque screen (). The diffraction pattern is observed on another screen (), which is slowly moved toward the aperture. At...

Envision an opaque screen () containing a circular hole of radius R. A point source S lies on the central axis a distance 0 in front of and an observation point-P lies a distance r 0 beyond , also...

A baseball (mass 0.14 kg, radius 3.7 cm) is spinning with an angular velocity of 60 rad/s. What is its rotational kinetic energy?

Consider the transnational and rotational kinetic energies of a disc that rolls without slipping. Show that the ratio of these energies is independent of the size (the radius) of the wheel.

A marble (radius 1.0 cm and mass 8.0 g) rolls without slipping down a ramp of vertical height 20 cm. What is the speed of the marble when it reaches the bottom of the ramp?

A wheel of mass 0.50 kg and radius 45 cm is spinning with an angular velocity of 20 rad/s. You then push your hand against the edge of the wheel, exerting a force F on the wheel as shown in Figure...

Consider the rotational motion of the Earth as it spins about the axis that runs from the North Pole to the South Pole. Find the magnitude and direction of the angular momentum L(vector) associated...

Estimate the angular momentum of a DVD that is playing your favorite video. Assume an angular speed of 1000 rpm. The mass of a DVD is about 15 g. Concerned with the magnitude of the angular momentum,...

Halleys comet moves about the Sun in a highly elliptical orbit. At its closest approach, it is a distance of 8.9 10 10 m from the Sun and has a speed of 54 km/s. When it is farthest from the Sun,...

A simple harmonic oscillator takes 15 seconds to undergo 25 complete oscillations. (a) What is the period of the oscillator? (b) What is the frequency of the oscillator?

A particle of mass 3.0 kg moves with a horizontal velocity of 20 m/s as shown in Figure P9.47.? (a) What is the angular momentum of the particle about an axis that runs through point P and is...

A child of mass 50 kg jumps onto the edge of a merry-go-round of mass 150 kg and radius 2.0 m that is initially at rest as sketched in Figure 9.12. While in the air (during her jump), the child?s...

The period of oscillation for a mass-on-a-spring system is 0.22 s. If m = 3.5 kg, what is the spring constant of the spring?

Consider the mass on a spring in Figure 11.6. If the spring constant is k = 30 N/m and the mass is m = 2.5 kg, what is the period? Figure 11.6 0 Wall x =" alt = "Consider the mass on a spring in...

A simple pendulum oscillates with a period of 3.5 s. What is its length?

A particle attached to a spring with k = 50 N/m is undergoing simple harmonic motion, and its position is described by the equation x = (5.7 m)cos(7.5t), with t measured in seconds. (a) What is the...

An aluminum bar has a length of 2.0 m and a rectangular cross section with sides of 3.5 mm and 6.9 mm. (a) What force is required to stretch the bar 1.2 mm? (b) What is the strain for this value of...

Why can current persist forever in a superconductor with no applied voltage?

You put a 1.5-V battery across a piece of material, and a 100-mA current flows. With a 9-V battery, the current increases to 400 mA. Is the material ohmic or not?

What is the magnitude of the electric force between two electrons separated by a distance of 0.10 nm (approximately the diameter of an atom)?

An electric heater consumes electrical energy at a rate of P 5 250 W when connected to a battery with an emf of 120 V. (a) What is the current in the heater? (b) If you wish to increase the power...

A wire carries a current along the +z direction and experiences a force along -y. If the magnetic field is perpendicular to the wire, what is the direction of B(vecotor)?

You are given a length L of wire and told to form it into a current loop so as to produce the maximum possible emf when the loop is placed in a time-varying magnetic fi eld. You investigate the three...

For an ideal generator, the electrical energy generated equals the work W done in making the shaft rotate. For a real generator, is the electrical energy greater than, equal to, or less than W?...

The human eye is most sensitive to light with a wavelength of about 550 nm. What is this lights frequency?

How many oxygen atoms are in 1.0 g of water?

Find the mass of a molecule of carbon dioxide.

Consider a balloon containing nitrogen molecules at room temperature (20C) and atmospheric pressure. If the balloon has a spherical shape with radius of 20 cm, what is the number of molecules in the...

A balloon having an initial temperature of 20C is heated so that the volume doubles while the pressure is kept fixed. What is the new value of the temperature?

A weather balloon filled with helium gas has a volume of 300 m 3 and pressure 1.4 10 5 Pa at the Earths surface (where the temperature is 293 K). The balloon is then released and moves to a high...

You have a container of an ideal gas at room temperature (20C) and pressure, and you want to use it to store energy in the form of the kinetic energy of the gas. If you want to double the energy in...

The surface of the Sun has a temperature of about 6000 K. What is the speed of a typical hydrogen molecule in the Suns atmosphere?

Approximately how long does it take a molecule of nitrogen to diffuse a distance of 1 cm through the atmosphere?

Consider an oxygen molecule as it diffuses in your blood. How far will a typical molecule diffuse in 1 second? Assume the value of D for oxygen in blood is the same as for oxygen in water.

A system takes in 5000 J of heat and does 4000 J of work on its surroundings. What is the change in the internal energy of the system?

The temperature of a sample of dilute argon gas with n = 7.5 moles decreases by 200 K during a thermodynamic process. If 35,000 J of heat are extracted from the gas, what is the work done by the gas...

Match the following processes (at left) with the descriptions (at right). (a) Isobaric (i) The volume remains constant. (b) Isothermal (ii) The pressure remains constant. (c) Adiabatic (iii) No heat...

A gas expands in an isobaric (constant pressure) process, with P = 4.5 10 5 Pa. If the volume changes from 4.5 m 3 to 7.8 m 3 , how much work is done by the gas?

A system is compressed adiabatically, during which time the environment does 3500 J of work on the system. What is the change in the internal energy of the system?

A system undergoes a two-step process as sketched in Figure P16.21. The system first expands at constant pressure from state I to state A and then it is compressed with the pressure again held fixed,...

An engine absorbs 3500 J of heat energy each cycle and expels 1200 J. (a) How much work does it do in one cycle? (b) If it is a reversible heat engine and the hot reservoir is at 750 K, what is the...

Consider a heat engine that operates between thermal reservoirs at 500 K and 250 K. Suppose the engine does 5000 J of work while it expels 1000 J of energy to the cold reservoir. Is this engine...

A reversible heat engine operates between thermal reservoirs at 600 K and 150 K. What is the efficiency of this engine?

Consider a reversible heat engine that employs a hot reservoir at a temperature of 750 K and a cold reservoir at 230 K. (a) What is the entropy change of the hot reservoir during a period in which...

A wire carries 1.5 A. How many electrons pass through the wire in one second?

What voltage does it take to drive 300 mA through a 1.2k resistance?

A 4.5-W flashlight bulb draws 750 mA. (a) At what voltage does it operate? (b) Whats its resistance?

An orifice meter is to be used to measure the flow rate of propyl alcohol at 25C through a PVC plastic pipe, 40 mm OD 3.0 mm wall. The expected range of flow rates is 1.0 m 3 /h to 2.5 m 3 /h....

Compared with her mass and weight on the earth, an astronaut on Venus, where the acceleration of gravity is 8.8 m/s2, has a. Less mass and less weight b. Less mass and the same weight c. Less mass...

The brakes of a 1200-kg car exert a force of 4 kN. How long will it take for them to slow the car to a stop from an initial speed of 24 m/s?

A positive and a negative charge are initially 4 cm apart. When they are moved closer together so that they are now only 1 cm apart, the force between them is a. 4 times smaller than before b. 4...