Devise a synthesis for each of the following four compounds by using the malonic ester synthesis. (a) (b) (c) (d) HO

Use the Michael Addition methods , with other reactions if necessary, to synthesize each of the following compounds. In each case, your starting materials should include one aldehyde or ketone and...

Carbonic acid, H 2 CO 3 , is commonly assumed to be an unstable compound that easily decomposes into a molecule of water and a molecule of carbon dioxide: H 2 CO 3 H 2 O + CO 2 . Indeed, the...

Give the likely products of each of the following reactions. All are carried out in the pre sence of a Pd catalyst, a ligand for the metal such as a phosphine, and heat. (a) (b) Br + :CH(CO2CH2CH3)2

Which one of the following statements is true about the oxacyclohexane conformer of the sugar -D-(1)-glucopyranose? (a) One OH group is axial, but all remaining substituents are equatorial. (b) The...

Rank the following compounds in increasing order of basicity: water, hydroxide, pyridine, pyrrole, ammonia.

The astronomical unit equals the mean distance between the earth and the sun. This distance is 150,000,000 km, which is precise to three significant figures. Express this in scientific notation to...

How many of the following are found in 15.0 kmol of xylene (C 8 H 10 )? (a) kg C 8 H 1 ; (b) mol C 8 H 1 ; (c) lb-mole C 8 H 1 ; (d) mol (g-atom) C; (e) mol H; (f) g C; (g) g H; (h) molecules of C 8...

A rigid 6.00-liter vessel contains 4.00 L of liquid water in equilibrium with 2.00 L of water vapor at 25C. Heat is transferred to the water by means of an immersed electrical coil. The volume of the...

Various uses for nitric acid are given in Problem 6.43, along with information about how this important chemical is synthesized industrially. The key reactions are oxidations of ammonia to nitric...

If 20.0 mL of a 0.10 M NaOH solution is added to a 30.0- mL sample of a 0.10 M weak acid, HA, what is the pH of the resulting solution? (K a = 1.8 10 5 for HA) a. 2.87 b. 2.74 c. 4.74 d. 5.05 e. 8.73

Certain solid substances, known as hydrated compounds, have well-defined molecular ratios of water to some other species. For example, calcium sulfate dihydrate (commonly known as gypsum, (CaSO 4 2H...

Identify each of the following compounds as a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine, or as an amide. a. b. CH 3 CH 2 NHCH 2 CH 3 CH;NH

A liquid-phase chemical reaction A ! B takes place in a well-stirred tank. The concentration of A in the feed is C A0 (mol/m 3 ), and that in the tank and outlet stream is CA (mol/m 3 ). Neither...

What change or changes in the state of a gas bring about each of the following effects? (a) The number of impacts per unit time on a given container wall increases. (b) The average energy of impact...

Explain why the d xy , d xz , and orbitals lie lower in energy than the d z2 and d x2-y2 orbitals in the presence of an octahedral arrangement of ligands about the central metal ion.

An evaporationcrystallization process of the type described in Example 4.5-2 is used to obtain solid potassium sulfate from an aqueous solution of this salt. The fresh feed to the process contains...

Mammalian cells can be cultured for a variety of purposes, including synthesis of vaccines. They must be maintained in growth media containing all of the components required for proper cellular...

In the production of a bean oil, beans containing 13.0 wt% oil and 87.0% solids are ground and fed to a stirred tank (the extractor) along with a recycled stream of liquid n-hexane. The feed ratio is...

Which of the following are correct? Correct any false statements. a. A conjugated diene with an even number of double bonds undergoes conrotatory ring closure under thermal conditions. b. A...

Cyclobutadiene (below) is like benzene in that it has alternating single and double bonds in a ring. However, its bonds are not the same length, the double bonds being shorter than the single bonds;...

Carbon nanotubes (CNT) are among the most versatile building blocks in nanotechnology. These unique pure carbon materials resemble rolled-up sheets of graphite with diameters of several nanometers...

A slurry contains crystals of copper sulfate pentahydrate [CuSO45H2O(s), specific gravity = 2.3] suspended in an aqueous copper sulfate solution (liquid SG = 1.2). A sensitive transducer is used to...

Carbon nanotubes (CNT) are among the most versatile building blocks in nanotechnology. These unique pure carbon materials resemble rolled-up sheets of graphite with diameters of several nanometers...

Air in industrial plants is subject to contamination by many different chemicals, and companies must monitor ambient levels of hazardous species to be sure they are below limits specified by the...

A spray-drying operation similar to that described in Problem 5.23 is used by the pharmaceutical industry. Acetaminophen is an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) that can be produced in powdered...

Without consulting tables, arrange the following compounds in order of decreasing acidity: Pentane 1-Pentene 1-Pentyne 1-Pentanol

Ammonia is one of the chemical constituents of industrial waste that must be removed in a treatment plant before the waste can safely be discharged into a river or estuary. Ammonia is normally...

The current global reliance on fossil fuels for heating, transportation, and electric power generation raises concerns regarding the release of CO 2 and CH 4 , which are greenhouse gases thought to...

How many 13 C NMR signals would you predict for (a) Naphthalene, (b) Anthracene, (c) Phenanthrene, (d) Pyrene?

The quantity of sulfuric acid used globally places it among the most plentiful of all commodity chemicals. In the modern chemical industry, synthesis of most sulfuric acid utilizes elemental sulfur...

In addition to a signal downfield, the 1 H NMR spectrum of trans-15,16-dimethyldihydro- tice pyrene has a signal far upfield at -4.2. Account for the presence of this upfield signal.

You have been assigned the task of measuring the equilibrium constant for the reaction N 2 O 4 2NO 2 as a function of temperature. To do so, you evacuate a rigid 2-liter vessel equipped with a...

When a flammable liquid (e.g., gasoline) ignites, the substance actually burning is vapor generated from the liquid. If the concentration of the vapor in the air above the liquid exceeds a certain...

Estimate the vapor pressure of acetone (mm Hg) at 50C (a) from data in Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook (Footnote 1) and the ClausiusClapeyron equation, (b) from the Antoine equation using...

A liquid mixture contains N components (N may be any number from 2 to 10) at pressure Pmm Hg. The mole fraction of the ith component is xi(i = 1; 2; ... ;N), and the vapor pressure of that component...

A fuel cell is an electrochemical device in which hydrogen reacts with oxygen to produce water and DC electricity. A 1-watt proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) could be used for portable...

Recovery of a solvent vapor from a gas stream by condensation can be achieved by cooling the gas, by compressing it, or by a combination of these operations. The greater the compression, the less...

Various amino acids have utility as food additives and in medical applications. They are often synthesized by fermentation using a specific microorganism to convert a substrate (e.g., a sugar) into...

Nitric acid is a chemical intermediate primarily used in the synthesis of ammonium nitrate, which is used in the manufacture of fertilizers. The acid also is important in the production of other...

Serine (Ser, molecular weight=105.1 g/mol) is a nonessential amino acid produced by fermentation. As with many other fermentation products, substantial downstream processing is required to meet...

In this problem you will use a spreadsheet to create a Txy diagram for the benzene-chloroform system at 1 atm. Once the spreadsheet has been created, it can be used as a template for vaporliquid...

An aqueous waste stream leaving a process contains 10.0 wt% sulfuric acid and 1 kg nitric acid per kg sulfuric acid. The flow rate of sulfuric acid in the waste stream is 1000 kg/h. The acids are...

The IR, NMR, and mass spectra are provided for an organic compound. (a) Consider each spectrum individually, and tell what characteristics of the molecule are apparent from that spectrum. (b) Propose...

Various amino acids have utility as food additives and in medical applications. They are often synthesized by fermentation using a specific microorganism to convert a substrate (e.g., a sugar) into...

Define a system and simplify the open-system energy balance (Equation 7.4-15) for each of the following cases. State when possible whether nonzero heat and shaft work terms are positive or negative....

A 12.1-g sample of Na 2 SO 3 is mixed with a 14.6-g sample of MgSO 4 . What is the total mass of oxygen present in the mixture?

Consider the jar of jelly beans in the photo. To get an estimate of the number of beans in the jar you weigh six beans and obtain masses of 3.15, 3.12, 2.98, 3.14, 3.02, and 3.09 g. Then you weigh...

During a period of relative inactivity, the average rate of transport of enthalpy by the metabolic and digestive waste products leaving the body minus the rate of enthalpy transport by the raw...

The following diagram shows a simplified version of how a refrigerator works: In a liquid receiver 1 , a liquid refrigerant (any one of a number of halogenated hydrocarbons such as CCl 2 F 2 ) is...

A 0.60-kg metal sphere oscillates at the end of a vertical spring. As the spring stretches from 0.12 to 0.23 m (relative to its unstrained length), the speed of the sphere decreases from 5.70 to 4.80...

Water is to be pumped from a lake to a ranger station on the side of a mountain (see figure). The length of pipe immersed in the lake is negligible compared to the length from the lake surface to the...

Water is to be pumped from a lake to a ranger station on the side of a mountain (see figure). The length of pipe immersed in the lake is negligible compared to the length from the lake surface to the...

An object is situated at a known distance in front of a convex mirror whose focal length is also known. A friend of yours does a calculation that shows that the magnification is 2. After some...

An object is placed at a known distance in front of a mirror whose focal length is also known. You apply the mirror equation and find that the image distance is a negative number. This result tells...

Suppose that you hold up a small convex mirror in front of your face. Which answer describes the image of your face? (a) Virtual, inverted (b) Virtual, upright (c) Virtual, enlarged (d) Real,...

Your next-door neighbor, Josephine Rackstraw, surprised her husband last January by having a hot tub installed in their back yard while he was away on an ice-fishing trip. It surprised him, all...

A stream of carbon monoxide flowing at 300 kg/min is cooled from 450C to 50C at a low pressure. (a) Calculate the required rate of cooling (kW), using the enthalpy function of APEx. Check the...

Assume that the following reaction occurs at constant pressure: 2Al(s) + 3Cl 2 (g)2 AlCl 3 (s) (a) If you are given H for the reaction, what additional information do you need to determine E for the...

(a) Does metallic character increase, decrease, or remain unchanged as one goes from left to right across a row of the periodic table? (b) Does metallic character increase, decrease, or remain...

You have a gas at 25 C confined to a cylinder with a movable piston. Which of the following actions would double the gas pressure? (a) Lifting up on the piston to double the volume while keeping the...

Ever wonder why espresso costs much more per cup than regular drip coffee? Part of the reason is the expensive equipment needed to brew a proper espresso. A high-powered burr grinder first shears the...

It takes 4 h 39 min for a 2.00-mg sample of radium-230 to decay to 0.25 mg. What is the half-life of radium-230?

A flask contains 49.8 mL of 0.150 M Ca(OH) 2 (calcium hydroxide). How many milliliters of 0.500 M Na 2 CO 3 (sodium carbonate) are required to react completely with the calcium hydroxide in the...

A sample of nitrogen gas at 17C and 760 mmHg has a volume of 8.06 mL. What is the volume at 9C and 1 atm of pressure?

Consider the possibility of converting carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide by the endothermic reaction CO 2( g) + H 2( g) CO(g) + H 2 O(g) Is a high or a low temperature more favorable to the...

Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) is a polymer product used as a binding agent in pharmaceutical applications as well as in personal-care items such as hairspray. In the manufacture of PVP, a spray-drying...

Freeze drying is a technique for dehydrating substances at low temperatures, thereby avoiding the degradation that may accompany heating. The material to be dried is cooled to a temperature at which...

Lauryl alcohol, C 12 H 25 OH, is prepared from coconut oil; it is used to make sodium lauryl sulfate, a synthetic detergent. What is the molality of lauryl alcohol in a solution of 17.1 g lauryl...

Humid air is enclosed in a 2.00-liter flask at 40C. The flask is slowly cooled. When the temperature reaches 20C, drops of moisture become visible on the flask wall. Although the pressure in the...

Calculate the lattice energy of potassium fluoride, KF, using the BornHaber cycle. Use thermodynamic data from Appendix C to obtain the enthalpy changes for each step.

What is the pH at the equivalence point when 22 mL of 0.20 M hydroxylamine is titrated with 0.10 M HCl?

A quantity of strong acid is added to pure water to give a solution that is 0.100 M H + . Calculate Q for the following reaction just as the H + ion is added and before equilibrium is established. H...

A small pharmaceutical firm plans to manufacture a new drug and has hired you as a consultant to design a condenser to remove the drug from a gasvapor mixture. The mixture, which contains 20 mole% of...

A small pharmaceutical firm plans to manufacture a new drug and has hired you as a consultant to design a condenser to remove the drug from a gasvapor mixture. The mixture, which contains 20 mole% of...

Wet wood chips are dried in a continous rotary dryer that operates at atmospheric pressure. The chips enter at 19C with a water content of 40 wt% and must leave with a moisture content of less than...

A small pharmaceutical firm plans to manufacture a new drug and has hired you as a consultant to design a condenser to remove the drug from a gasvapor mixture. The mixture, which contains 20 mole% of...

Sodium hydroxide is dissolved in enough water to make up a 20.0 mole% solution. (a) If the NaOH and water are initially at 77F (25C), how much heat (Btu/lb product solution) must be removed for the...

Water in a piston/cylinder (Fig. P3.174) is at 101 kPa, 25C, and mass 0.5 kg. The piston rests on some stops, and the pressure should be 1000 kPa to float the piston. We now heat the water, so the...

A small pharmaceutical firm plans to manufacture a new drug and has hired you as a consultant to design a condenser to remove the drug from a gasvapor mixture. The mixture, which contains 20 mole% of...

Spray cooling is a technique for cooling and either humidifying or dehumidifying air by contacting it with a spray of liquid water.

A flow of 1 kg/s carbon dioxide at 1600 K, 100 kPa is mixed with a flow of 2 kg/s water at 800 K, 100 kPa, and after the mixing it goes through a heat exchanger, where it is cooled to 500 K by a 400...

Spray cooling is a technique for cooling and either humidifying or dehumidifying air by contacting it with a spray of liquid water.

Formaldehyde is produced by decomposing methanol over a silver catalyst: To provide heat for this endothermic reaction, some oxygen is included in the feed to the reactor,leading to the partial...

In hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC), why is eluent strength increased by increasing the fraction of water in the mobile phase?

Spray cooling is a technique for cooling and either humidifying or dehumidifying air by contacting it with a spray of liquid water.

A fuel gas is known to contain methane, ethane, and carbon monoxide. A sample of the gas is charged into an initially evacuated 2.000-liter vessel at 25C and 2323mm Hg absolute. The vessel is weighed...

Why do open tubular columns provide greater resolution than packed columns in gas chromatography?

What is the absolute uncertainty in mass (? Da) at m/z 100 and at m/z 20 000 if the mass accuracy of a spectrometer is 2 ppm?

A stirred tank with volume V t (L) is charged with V l (L) of a liquid, B. The space above the liquid (volume V g = V t - V l ) is filled with a pure gas, A, at an initial pressure P 0 (atm). The...

Fuel cells have been proposed as an alternative energy technology for use in stationary and transportation applications. A fuel cell is an electrochemical device in which hydrogen reacts with oxygen...

Find the heat of evaporation, hfg, for R-134a at 30 F from the generalized charts and compare to the value in Table F. 10.

Consider a binomial experiment with n = 20 and p = .70. a. Compute f (12). b. Compute f (16). c. Compute P(x 16). d. Compute P(x 15). e. Compute E(x). f. Compute Var (x) and s.

Metallic iron is produced in the reaction between ferrous oxide and carbon monoxide: The flowchart shown below depicts this process for a basis of 1 mol FeO fed at 298 K. (a) We wish to explore the...

A tracer is used to characterize the degree of mixing in a continuous stirred tank. Water enters and leaves the mixer at a rate of V (m 3 /min). Scale has built up on the inside walls of the tank, so...

In respiration, air is inhaled into the lungs, which provide a large surface area for transport of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water to or from the blood. The transported oxygen is delivered to body...

a. Which of the following compounds will form hydrogen bonds between its molecules? 1. CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 COOH 2. CH 2 CH 2 N(CH 3 ) 2 3. CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 Br 4. CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 NHCH 3 5. CH 3 CH 2 OCH...

Cumene (C 6 H 5 C 3 H 7 ) is produced by reacting benzene with propylene [H r (77F) = -39;520 Btu]. A liquid feed containing 75 mole% propylene and 25% n-butane and a second liquid stream containing...

Which structure does not represent 2-methylpentane? a. b. c. d.

Assign (R ) or (S ) designations to each of the following compounds: a. b. c. d. H,C, CI