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statistics
elementary statistics in social research

Questions and Answers of Elementary Statistics In Social Research

In addition to job-seeking activity, the age of a white-collar worker may be related to his or her length of unemployment. Suppose then that age (Z) is added to the two variables in Problem 15.Data
Using the correlation coefficient results from Problem 25, calculate the statistical significance of the relationship. Can the null hypothesis be rejected? In other words, does this relationship hold
A sociologist researching the link between race and inequality believes that younger people generally have more tolerant views. To test this hypothesis, the sociologist gathers a random sample of 10
Using the correlation coefficient results from Problem 32, calculate the statistical significance of the relationship. Can the null hypothesis be rejected? In other words, does this relationship hold
With regard to the earlier problems, many sociologists and developmental psychologists have noted that it might not be listening to Mozart per se that increases a child’s neural development.
Using the correlation coefficient results from Problem 34, calculate the statistical significance of the one correlation between X and Y and then between X and Y holding constant Z. How does
A partial correlation coefficient gives us the correlation between two variablesa. After removing the common effect of a third variable.b. At the ordinal level of measurement.c. After introducing the
In regression analysis, we predict the value of Y from X based on aa. Significant correlation coefficient.b. A mathematical equation.c. A weak positive correlation.d. A normal curve.
From the General Social Survey, is there a direct link between income and education? Test the null hypothesis that there is no relationship between a respondent’s income (REALRINC) and their
A researcher wishes to predict the graduation rates in a sample of 240 colleges and universities based on the percentage of freshmen who were in the top tier (10%) of their high school class and the
Adult literacy in the United States is an important issue. Analyze the General Social Survey to test the null hypothesis that there is no relationship between the number of correct words in
For the variables in Problem 30 in Chapter 10, find the multiple coefficient of determination (with Y the dependent variable).Data From Problem 30 Chapter 10Besides studying time, intelligence itself
Perform a regression analysis to predict the number of correct words in vocabulary (WORDSUM) on the basis of both television viewing (TVHOURS) and highest year of education (EDUC).a. Test the null
A measure of the proportion of the variance in Y explained by X is known asa. The coefficient of nondetermination.b. The coefficient of determination.c. Multiple regression.d. The slope.
For the correlation matrix in Problem 31 in Chapter 10, find the proportion of variance in the weekly grocery bill (Y) determined by family size (X) alone, by income (Z) alone, and by family size and
Conduct a regression analysis to determine what predicts the number of mental health days (MNTLHLTH) during the past 30 days. Add age (AGE), physical health days (PHYSHLTH), job satisfaction (SAT1),
Suppose a housing advocacy group is interested in looking at what affects housing costs, so they collect data for 351 counties in their state and compare the fair market rent for a four-bedroom unit
Using two or more predictors, we conduct aa. Simple regression.b. Multiple regression.c. Partial correlation.d. Pearson’s correlation.
Following is a portion of an analysis of variance table from a multiple regression predicting students’ quantitative SAT scores (QSAT) based on their high school grade average (HSAVG) and their
Use the General Social Survey to conduct a logistic regression analysis to test the null hypothesis that gender does not affect fear of crime (SEX and FEAR). Hint: ANALYZE, REGRESSION, BINARY
Suppose that an emergency room doctor is interested in the relationship among gender, age, and sensitivity to pain among adult patients. She collects from a sample of 57 hospital files information on
The following table contains responses to a survey concerning support for same-sex marriage, comparing positions on the issue with political party affiliation of respondents:a. Calculate the odds of
A student housing and counseling service administrator wants to develop an alcohol abuse awareness program, so he collects data from 39 undergraduates about how many drinks they have in a week, their
Researchers at an insurance company want to study the risk factors associated with heart disease, so they collect data from 240 people. As their dependent variable, they use a question that asks
In a basic random sample,a. Only some members of a population are eligible for inclusion.b. Half of all members of a population are eligible for inclusion.c. Every member of the population has an
Using the General Social Survey, calculate 95% and 99% confidence intervals for the population mean for the number of hours per week that they spend on e-mails.
The range of possible values within which the true population mean likely lies is known asa. Sampling error.b. Random sample.c. Standard error of the mean.d. The confidence interval.
Using the General Social Survey, calculate a 95% confidence interval for the population mean for the number of children (CHILDS) of Americans.
In ________ sampling, every member of a population is given an equal chance of being selected for the sample.a. Accidentalb. Quotac. Judgmentd. Random
Using the General Social Survey, calculate a 95% confidence interval for the percentage of Americans in favor of paying higher taxes to help the environment (GRNTAXES).
Suppose that the random sample in problem 8 yielded these observed scores:a. Find the 95% confidence interval for the mean.b. Find the 99% confidence interval for the mean. 6 5 6 12 5 10 11 13 12 10
Using the General Social Survey, calculate a 95% confidence interval for the percentage of Americans in favor of requiring gun permits (GUNLAW).
A frequency distribution of a random sample of means is aa. Random sample.b. Confidence interval.c. Sampling distribution of means.d. Standard error of the mean.
Alpha represents the areaa. In the tails of a distribution.b. Toward the center of the distribution.c. Higher than the mean of the distribution.d. Lower than the mean of the distribution.
Suppose that the population standard deviation (σ) for a normally distributed standardized test of achievement is known to be 7.20. What would the standard error of the sample mean (σX̅) be if we
Estimate the standard error of the mean for the following scores generated from a random sample: 6 8 4 3 8 10 17 4 6
Now suppose that we did not feel comfortable assuming that σ = 7.20. Use the scores in problem 9 toa. Estimate the standard error of the sample mean (sX̅).b. Find the 95% confidence interval for
As part of a study of social capital, a sociologist collects data on the years of education attained by a group of community members. Estimate the standard error of the mean from their responses. 10
A criminologist collects information on the number of drug arrests among a group of individuals who are currently incarcerated. Estimate the standard error of the mean from their responses. 203 1 00
Using the data in Problem 15, estimate (a) 95% and (b) 99% confidence intervals for the sample mean.Data From Problem 15As part of a study of social capital, a sociologist collects data on the years
Using the data in Problem 13, estimate (a) 95% and (b) 99% confidence intervals for the sample mean.
An environmental researcher finds that 26% of 225 city blocks randomly chosen within a particular city have a particular kind of environmental hazard.a. Find the standard error of the proportion.b.
Using the General Social Survey, determine whether there is a difference in the number of hours spent on e-mails (EMAILHR), comparing men and women (SEX). Hint: ANALYZE, COMPARE MEANS, INDEPENDENT
Using the General Social Survey, determine whether there is a difference in the number of hours spent on e-mails (EMAILHR), comparing people under age 65 to people over age 65 (AGE). Hint: ANALYZE,
The larger the z score,a. The greater the distance of our mean difference from zero.b. The more likely we are to reject the null hypothesis.c. The more likely that our result is significant.d. All of
Is there a gender difference in highest year of school completed? Using the General Social Survey find out whether highest year of education completed (EDUC) differs by sex (SEX).
At P = .01, a mean difference in a sampling distribution occursa. By sampling error once in every 100 mean differences.b. By sampling error more than 99 times in every 100 mean differences.c. Very
Use the General Social Survey to find out whether there is a statistically significant difference in self-reports of poor mental health during the past 30 days comparing males to females (MNTLHLTH
The level of probability at which the null hypothesis can be rejected with confidence is known as thea. Level of significance.b. Distribution.c. Degrees of freedom.d. All of the above
Use the General Social Survey to find out whether there is a statistically significant difference in self-reports of poor physical health during the past 30 days comparing males to females (PHYSHLTH
The farther out in the tail of a distribution our critical value falls, the greater the risk of making aa. Type I error.b. Type II error.c. Type I and Type II errors.d. Type III error.
Analyze the General Social Survey to find out whether there is a statistically significant difference in self-reports about the frequency of sex during the past year comparing males to females
Use the General Social Survey to find out whether there is a statistically significant difference in self-reports of income comparing males to females (REALRINC and SEX).
The larger the calculated t value, the more likely we are toa. Retain the null hypothesis.b. Reject the null hypothesis.c. Conclude that our result is not statistically significant.
Analyze the General Social Survey to find out if there is a statistically significant difference in self-reports in the number of hours worked last week comparing males to females (HRS1 and SEX).
In a statistical sense, “significant” meansa. Important.b. Large.c. Real.d. Unlikely to be found in the population.
When you predict that a result will be in one or another direction (for example, that a particular treatment will reduce recidivism), you would use aa. One-tailed test.b. Two-tailed test.c.
A sociologist is interested in the effects of racism on birth weight. He constructs a dataset containing the birth weight of African American children (in pounds) and their mothers’ self-reported
Which of the following is not a requirement for employing a t test?a. A comparison between two meansb. Random samplingc. A normal distributiond. Nominal data
A researcher is interested in understanding whether the mean time to complete a four-year college degree varies based on gender. She draws a sample of 12 college graduates—6 men and 6 women, and
A two-tailed significance test suggests thata. The resulting outcome has a particular direction (that is, a clinical treatment produces a decrease in symptoms).b. The resulting outcome is unlikely.c.
The exact probability of obtaining an outcome when the null hypothesis is true is known asa. The a level.b. Type I error.c. The P value.d. Type II error.
The Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) is standardized to have a population mean μ = 500 and a population standard deviation σ = 100. Suppose that a researcher gives the SAT to a random sample of 50
A social researcher is interested in understanding the effect of college education on wages. Listed below are the hourly wages for two groups of employees all working in the same position at a
A criminologist was interested in whether there was any disparity in sentencing based on the race of the defendant. She selected at random 18 burglary convictions and compared the prison terms
A personnel consultant was hired to study the influence of sick-pay benefits on absenteeism. She randomly selected samples of hourly employees who do not get paid when out sick and salaried employees
A social psychologist was interested in sex differences in the sociability of teenagers. Using the number of good friends as a measure, he compared the sociability of eight female and seven male
Samples of Republicans and Democrats were asked to rate on a scale from 1 to 7 their opinion of prayer in public schools, with 1 being the most opposed to school prayer and 7 being the most in favor
A computer company conducted a “new and improved” course designed to train its service representatives in learning to repair personal computers. Twenty trainees were split into two groups on a
A social psychologist is interested in understanding how the use of anti-depressants affects an individual’s social life. He creates a scale where a score of 10 equals “highly social” and 1
From the General Social Survey, test whether the number of hours per day that people have to relax (HRSRELAX) varies by marital status (MARITAL). Hint: select ANALYZE, COMPARE MEANS, ONE-WAY ANOVA.
Based on the General Social Survey, test whether the number of self-reports of poor mental health during the past 30 days (MNTLHLTH) varies by marital status (MARITAL) using one-way ANOVA with the
The analysis of variance produces an F ratio in which the denominator represents an estimate ofa. The total sum of squares.b. The total variation.c. Variation between groups.d. Variation within
Reanalyze the example on film content that was presented in this chapter. Notice that the data set is structured with empathy scored on a scale ranging from none (0) to high (10).Sexual content is a
Based on the General Social Survey, test whether the number of e-mail hours per week (EMAILHRS) varies by age group (AGE recoded into a new variable AGEGRP) using oneway ANOVA with the Tukey test and
For an F ratio to be statistically significant, the between-groups mean square must bea. Greater than the total sum of squares.b. Greater than the within-groups mean square.c. Less than the
Analyze two variables of your choice from the General Social Survey using one-way ANOVA. Remember the dependent variable needs to be an interval/ratio level variable and the independent variable
If a calculated F ratio is larger than the value in Table D, it means there isa. A significant difference between groups and the null hypothesis can be rejected.b. A significant difference between
To find a significant difference with an analysis of variance, you hope to maximizea. The between-groups mean square.b. The within-groups mean square.c. The within-groups sum of square.d. Variation
Use the GLM procedure in SPSS to test whether respondents’ income (CONRINC) varies by marital status (MARITAL) and sex (SEX).a. Are the main effects for marital status and sex significant?b. Is the
Conduct a multiple comparison of means by Tukey’s method to determine exactly where the significant differences occur in Problem 12.Data From Problem 12A pediatrician speculated that frequency of
The F ratio is larger whena. The between-groups mean square is smaller.b. The within-groups mean square is smaller.c. The difference between means is smaller.d. None of the above
Construct a multiple comparison of means by Tukey’s method to determine precisely where the significant differences occur in Problem 10.Data From Problem 10A researcher is interested in the effect
Using the following random sample of death records by neighborhood type, test the null hypothesis that life expectancy in years does not vary by socioeconomic condition of a neighborhood. Subsidized
A multiple comparison of means is necessary when the analysis of variance results ina. A significant difference between two means.b. A nonsignificant difference between two means.c. A significant
Which of the following is not a requirement of analysis of variance?a. A comparison of three or more independent meansb. Random samplingc. A normal distributiond. Ordinal data
Construct a multiple comparison of means by Tukey’s HSD method to determine precisely where the significant differences occur in Problem 15.Data From Problem 15A researcher is interested in the
A researcher is interested in the effect of employment on satisfaction with marriage. He selects a random sample of 16 married adults who are employed full-time, employed parttime, temporarily
A researcher conducts a study to determine which terrorist organization—Hamas, Hezbollah, or Al Qaeda—poses the greatest threat to innocent civilians. The researcher examines 15 randomly selected
Construct a multiple comparison of means by Tukey’s HSD method to determine precisely where the significant differences occur in Problem 17.Data From Problem 17A researcher conducts a study to
Does one’s relationship status affect how many vacation days a person takes in a year? Using these data collected from samples of adults, test the null hypothesis (that status does not affect the
A researcher wishes to determine whether exercising at least three times a week is more effective than pharmaceuticals (antidepressants) or psychotherapy in addressing mental health issues. He
Construct a multiple comparison of means by Tukey’s HSD method to determine precisely where the significant differences occur in Problem 20.Data From Problem 20Does one’s relationship status
A health researcher is interested in comparing three methods of weight loss: low-calorie diet, low-fat diet, and low-carb diet. He selects 30 moderately overweight subjects and randomly assigns 10 to
Conduct a multiple comparison of means by Tukey’s method to determine exactly where the significant differences occur in Problem 23.Data From Problem 23Consider an experiment to determine the
Conduct a multiple comparison of means by Tukey’s method to determine exactly where the significant differences occur in Problem 29.Data From Problem 29Studies have found that people find
Conduct a multiple comparison of means by Tukey’s method to determine exactly where the significant differences occur in Problem 26.Data From Problem 26Psychologists studied the relative efficacy
Conduct a multiple comparison of means by Tukey’s method to determine exactly where the significant differences occur in Problem 31.Data Form Problem 31Political theorist Karl Marx is known for his
Conduct a multiple comparison of means by Tukey’s method to determine exactly where the significant differences occur in Problem 34.Data From Problem 34Is there a relationship between a mother’s
In recent years, a number of cases of high school teachers having sexual relationships with their students have made the national news. Interested in how gender combinations influence perceptions of

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