Questions and Answers of Essentials Of Statistics For The Behavioral Sciences

In this activity you will investigate the relationship between age and a measure of flexibility. Flexibility will be measured by asking a person to bend at the waist as far as possible, extending his
Data from the U.S Census Bureau was used to construct the accompanying pie chart that reflects changes of residence between 1995 and 2000. Construct a bar graph for these data. Which graph is a more
The article “Online Shopping Grows, But Department, Discount Stores Still Most Popular with Holiday Shoppers” (Gallup Poll Analyses, December 2, 2002) included the data in the accompanying table.
Predictors of Attrition in College Seniors” (Journal of College Student Development [1998]: 343–348) examined the reasons that college seniors leave their college programs before graduating.
Video games have been used for pain management by doctors and therapists who believe that the attention required to play a video game can distract the player and thereby decrease the sensation of
The Institute for Highway Safety tracks which cars are most likely to be stolen by looking at theft claims per 1000 insured vehicles. For cars manufactured between 2001 and 2003, the top five were as
The article “Gene’s Role in Cancer May Be Overstated” (San Luis Obispo Tribune, August 21, 2002) states that “early studies that evaluated breast cancer risk among gene mutation carriers
Fast-paced lifestyles, where students balance the requirements of school, after-school activities, and jobs, are thought by some to lead to reduced sleep. Suppose that you are assigned the task of
Asthma is a chronic lung condition characterized by difficulty in breathing. Some studies have suggested that asthma may be related to childhood exposure to some animals, especially dogs and cats,
In national surveys, parents consistently point to school safety as an important concern. One source of violence in junior high schools is fighting (“Self-Reported Characterization of Seventh-Grade
Doctors are concerned about young women drinking large amounts of soda and about their decreased consumption of milk in recent years (“Teenaged Girls, Carbonated Beverage Consumption, and Bone
A recent survey attempted to address psychosocial factors thought to be of importance in preventive health care for adolescents (“The Adolescent Health Review: A Brief Multidimensional Screening
The paper “Prospective Randomized Trial of Low Saturated Fat, Low Cholesterol Diet During the First Three Years of Life” (Circulation [1996]: 1386–1393) describes an experiment in which “1062
Does alcohol consumption cause increased cravings for cigarettes? Research at Purdue University suggests this is so (see CNN.com web site article “Researchers Find Link Between Cigarette Cravings
The article “Heavy Drinking and Problems among Wine Drinkers” (Journal of Studies on Alcohol [1999]: 467–471) investigates whether wine drinkers tend to drink less excessively than those who
The Chronicle of Higher Education (August 31, 2001) published data collected in a survey of a large number of students who were college freshmen in the fall of 2001. Of those surveyed, 70.6% reported
The California Healthy Kids Survey in 1999 and 2001 asked 7th, 9th, and 11th graders in San Luis Obispo County whether they smoked tobacco. In 1999, 6% of 7th graders, 17% of 9th graders, and 23% of
Many states face a shortage of fully credentialed teachers. The percentages of teachers who are fully credentialed for each county in California were published in the San Luis Obispo Tribune (July
Background: In 1935, John Stroop published the results of his research into how people respond when presented with conflicting signals. Stroop noted that most people are able to read words quickly
Nonresponse is a common problem facing researchers who rely on mail questionnaires. In the paper “Reasons for Nonresponse on the Physicians’ Practice Survey” (1980 Proceedings of the Section on
The paper “Profile of Sport/Leisure Injuries Treated at Emergency Rooms of Urban Hospitals” (Canadian Journal of Sports Science [1991]: 99–102) classified noncontact sports injuries by sport,
Water quality ratings of 36 Southern California beaches were given in the article “How Safe Is the Surf?” (Los Angeles Times, October 26, 2002). The ratings, which ranged from A to F and which
USA Today compared the average graduation rates for male football and basketball scholarship players at top-ranked universities. The graduation rates were expressed as a difference between the
The article “So Close, Yet So Far: Predictors of Attrition in College Seniors” (Journal of College Student Development [1998]: 343–348) examined the reasons that college seniors leave their
Spider-Man and StarWars: Episode II were the top moneymakers among the summer 2002 movie releases. Box office totals for the top summer films in 2002 are given in the following table (USA Today,
The article “Potential Effects of the Next 100 Billion Hamburgers Sold by McDonald’s” (American Journal of Preventative Medicine [2005]:379–381) estimated that 992.25 million pounds of
Background: In this activity, you will work with a partner to develop a sampling plan. Suppose that you would like to select a sample of 50 students at your school to learn something about how many
A consumer group conducts crash tests of new model cars. To determine the severity of damage to 2006 Mazda 6s resulting from a 10-mph crash into a concrete wall, the research group tests six cars of
Representatives of the insurance industry wished to investigate the monetary loss resulting from earthquake damage to single-family dwellings in Northridge, California, in January 1994. From the set
For a population with a mean of μ = 45, a score of X = 54 corresponds to z = +1.50. What is the population standard deviation?
For a sample with a mean of M = 63, a score of X = 54 corresponds to z = -0.75. What is the sample standard deviation?
In a population distribution, a score of X = 56 corresponds to z = -0.40 and a score of X = 70 corresponds to z = +1.00. Find the mean and standard deviation for the population.
Two scores, X and Y, are recorded for each of n = 5 participants. For these scores, find the value of each expression.
Using the following informal histogram, calculate each of the following. a. nb. ∑Хc. ∑Х2
Use summation notation to express the following calculations.a. Multiply scores X and Y and then add each product.b. Sum the scores X and sum the scores Y and then multiply the sums.c. Subtract X
The following scores are the ages for a random sample of n = 32 drivers who were issued parking tickets in Chicago during 2019. Determine the best interval width and place the scores in a grouped
What is the range for the following set of scores? (You may have more than one answer.) Scores: 6, 12, 9, 17, 11, 4, 14
Calculate the range and interquartile range for the following set of scores from a continuous variable: 5, 1, 6, 5, 4, 6, 7, 12. Identify the score that corresponds to the 75th percentile and the
Calculate the range and interquartile range for the following set of scores from a continuous variable: 23, 13, 10, 8, 10, 9, 11, 12.
A sample of n = 10 scores has a sample mean of M = 25 and a sample standard deviation of s = 4. What are the values of ∑X and SS?
Explain how a z-score identifies an exact location in a distribution with a single number.
For a population with a standard deviation of σ = 10, find the z-score for each of the following locations in the distribution.a. Above the mean by 10 pointsb. Above the mean by 5 pointsc. Below the
You receive your midterm exam scores for four classes. In all four classes, your midterm score was X = 70. Below is the mean and standard deviation for each of your classes. Compute the z-score for
Find the X value corresponding to z = 0.75 for each of the following distributions.a. μ = 90 and σ = 4b. μ = 90 and σ = 8c. μ = 90 and σ = 12d. μ = 90 and σ = 20
Find the z-score corresponding to X = 105 and the X value corresponding to z = +0.40 for each of the following populations.a. μ 5 100 and σ = 12b. μ 5 100 and σ = 4c. μ 5 80 and σ = 14d. μ 5
For a population with a standard deviation of σ = 4, a score of X = 24 corresponds to z = -1.50. What is the population mean?
A population consists of the following N = 7 scores:6, 1, 0, 7, 4, 13, 4. a. Compute μ and σ for the population.b. Find the z-score for each score in the population.c. Transform the original
A sample of n = 6 scores has a mean of M = 10. If one score is changed from X = 12 to X = 0, what is the value of the new sample mean?
The following data are from a repeated-measures study examining the effect of a treatment by measuring a group of n = 9 participants before and after they receive the treatment.a. Calculate the
Suppose that a researcher is interested in differences between young adults and older adults with respect to social media preferences. The researcher asked participants to indicate their preference
Emoticons, like and , are helpful for expressing emotion in communications that otherwise have limited emotional content (e.g., emails, text messages, and social media posts). Derks, Bos, and von
A developmental psychologist would like to determine whether infants display any color preferences. A stimulus consisting of four color patches (red, green, blue, and yellow) is projected onto the
A communications company has developed three new designs for a smartphone. To evaluate consumer response, a sample of 240 college students is selected and each student is given all three phones to
Earlier in the chapter, we introduced the chi-square test of independence with a study examining the relationship between personality and color preference. The following table shows the frequency
Liu et al. (2015) recently reported the results of a study examining whether happy people live longer. The study followed a large sample of British women, aged 50 to 69 over a 10-year period. At the
Many businesses use some type of customer loyalty program to encourage repeat customers. A common example is the buy-ten-get-one-free punch card. Drèze and Nunes (2006) examined a simple variation
The Internet is rapidly becoming an essential source of information about health, nutrition, finances, and current events. Neunschwander, Abbott, and Mobley (2012) were interested in inequality of
For a population with a mean of μ = 72 and a standard deviation of σ = 10, what is the standard error of the distribution of sample means for each of the following sample sizes?a. n = 4 scoresb. n
Screen time and use of social media are related to negative mental health outcomes, including suicidal thoughts (Twenge, Joiner, Rogers, & Martin, 2018). In a national survey of adolescents, the
After examining over one million online restaurant reviews and the associated weather conditions, Bakhshi, Kanuparthy, and Gilbert (2014) reported significantly higher ratings during moderate
The following data were observed in an independentmeasures study comparing three treatment conditions.a. Use an ANOVA with α = .05 to determine whether there are any significant differences among
Based on the following absolute frequency table, calculate each of the following. a. nb. ∑Χc. ∑Χ2 X 15 14 13 12 11 10 f 1 1 2354 5
The international affective picture system is a collection of images that differ in their emotional content. The system contains some images that evoke fear in participants (e.g., a photograph of a
A sample of scores has a mean of M = 6. Calculate the mean for each of the following.a. A constant value of 3 is added to each score.b. A constant value of 1 is subtracted from each score.c. Each
Suppose that all possible n = 50 samples are selected from a population. How would the mean, standard deviation, and shape of the resulting sampling distribution compare to a sampling distribution
A sample is selected from a population with a mean of μ = 100 and a standard deviation of σ = 20.a. If the sample has n = 16 scores, what is the expected value of M and the standard error of M?b.
Suppose that a researcher is interested in the effect of a new college preparation course on scores for a standardized critical thinking test with a population mean of μ = 20. Students receive
The National Study of Student Engagement (Indiana University, 2018) reports that the average, full-time college senior in the United States spends only μ =- 15, σ = 9, hours per week preparing for
Suppose that a researcher is interested in whether an exercise improves intelligence. The researcher randomly selects 100 participants, assigns them to an exercise program, and measures intelligence
Find the estimated standard error for the sample mean for each of the following samples.a. n = 9 with SS = 1,152b. n = 16 with SS = 540c. n = 25 with SS = 600
Find the t value that forms the boundary of the critical region in the right-hand tail for a two-tailed test with α = .05 for each of the following sample sizes.a. n = 9b. n = 16c. n = 36
A random sample is selected from a population with a standard deviation of σ = 18.a. On average, how much difference should there be between the sample mean and the population mean for a random
For a sample of n = 36 scores, what is the value of the population standard deviation (σ) necessary to produce each of the following standard error values?a. σM = 12 pointsb. σM = 3 pointsc. σM =
Suppose that a professor randomly assigns students to study groups of n = 4 students. The final exam in the professor’s class has a mean of μ = 75 and a standard deviation of σ = 10. What is the
Sales representatives at a cellular phone retailer sell a mean of μ = 200 and a standard deviation of σ = 50 smartphones per year. At the Rochester, New York, branch, n = 25 representatives sell M
A sample of n = 64 scores has a mean of M = 68. Assuming that the population mean is μ = 60, find the z-score for this sample:a. If it was obtained from a population with σ = 16b. If it was
A population forms a normal distribution with a mean of μ = 85 and a standard deviation of σ = 24. For each of the following samples, compute the z-score for the sample mean.a. M = 91 for n = 4
Scores on a standardized reading test for fourth-grade students form a normal distribution with μ = 71 and σ = 24. What is the probability of obtaining a sample mean greater than M = 63 for each of
Scores from a questionnaire measuring social anxiety form a normal distribution with a mean of μ = 50 and a standard deviation of σ = 10. What is the probability of obtaining a sample mean greater
A normal distribution has a mean of μ = 58 and a standard deviation of σ = 12.a. What is the probability of randomly selecting a score less than X = 52?b. What is the probability of selecting a
For random samples of size n = 16 selected from a normal distribution with a mean of μ = 75 and a standard deviation of σ = 20, find each of the following:a. The range of sample means that defines
For a population with σ = 16, how large a sample is necessary to have a standard error that isa. Equal to 8 points?b. Equal to 4 points?c. Equal to 2 points?
If the population standard deviation is σ = 24, how large a sample is necessary to have a standard error that isa. Equal to 6 points?b. Equal to 3 points?c. Equal to 2 points?
Does a hypothesis test allow a researcher to claim that an alternative hypothesis is true? Explain your answer.
The personality characteristics of business leaders (e.g., CEOs) are related to the operations of the businesses that they lead (Oreg & Berson, 2018). Traits like openness to experience are
Suppose that a treatment effect increases both the mean and the standard deviation of a measurement. Can a hypothesis test with z be conducted? Explain your answer.
Oishi and Schimmack (2010) report that people who move from home to home frequently as children tend to have lower than average levels of well-being as adults. To further examine this relationship, a
The Muller-Lyer illusion is shown in the figure. Although the two horizontal lines are the same length, the line on the left appears to be much longer. To examine the strength of this illusion,
One sample has SS = 72 and a second sample has SS = 24.a. If n = 7 for both samples, find each of the sample variances and compute the pooled variance. Because the samples are the same size, you
One sample has SS = 80 and a second sample has SS = 48.a. If n = 17 for both samples, find each of the sample variances, and calculate the pooled variance. Because the samples are the same size, you
Two separate samples, each with n = 9 individuals, receive different treatments. After treatment, the first sample has SS = 546 and the second has SS = 606.a. Find the pooled variance for the two
Two separate samples receive different treatments. After treatment, the first sample has n = 5 with SS = 60, and the second has n = 9 with SS = 84.a. Compute the pooled variance for the two
A long history of psychology research has demonstrated that memory is usually improved by studying material on multiple occasions rather than one time only. This effect is commonly known as
Binge-watching a television show might not be the best way to enjoy a television series (Horvath, Horton, Lodge, & Hattie, 2017). Participants in an experiment watched an entire television series
In a classic study in the area of problem solving, Katona (1940) compared the effectiveness of two methods of instruction. One group of participants was shown the exact, step-by-step procedure for
As noted on page 332, when the two population means are equal, the estimated standard error for the independent-measures t test provides a measure of how much difference to expect between two sample
Two samples are selected from the same population. For each of the following, calculate how much difference is expected, on average, between the two sample means.a. One sample has n = 6, the second
For the each of the following studies determine whether a repeated-measures t test is the appropriate analysis. Explain your answers. a. A researcher is examining the effect of violent video
A researcher conducts an experiment comparing two treatment conditions with 22 scores in each treatment condition.a. If an independent-measures design is used, how many subjects are needed for the
A sample of n = 12 individuals participates in a repeated-measures study that produces a sample mean difference of MD = 7.25 with SS = 396 for the difference scores.a. Calculate the standard

Showing 200 - 300 of 389