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Questions and Answers of Biology

Describe the components of eukaryotic ribosomal subunits and where the assembly of the subunits occurs within living cells.
The term subunit can be used in a variety of ways. Compare the use of the term subunit in proteins versus ribosomal subunit.
Do the following events during bacterial translation occur primarily within the 30S subunit, within the SOS subunit, or at the interface between these two ribosomal subunits? A. mRNA-tRNA
What are the three stages of translation? Discuss the main events that occur during these three stages.
Describe the sequence in bacterial mRNA that promotes recognition by the 30S subunit.
For each of the following initiation factors, how would eukaryotic initiation of translation be affected if it were missing? A. eIF2 B. eIF4 C. eIF5
How does a eukaryotic ribosome select its start codon? Describe the sequences in eukaryotic mRNA that provide an optimal context for a start codon.
For each of the following sequences, rank them in order (from best to worst) as sequences that could be used to initiate translation according to Kozak's
Explain the functional roles of the A, P, and E sites during translation.
An mRNA has the following sequence: 5'-AUG UAC UAU GGG GCG UAA-3' Describe the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide that would be encoded by this mRNA. Be specific about the amino-terminus and
According to the adaptor hypothesis, are the following statements true or false? A. The sequence of anticodons in tRNA directly recognizes codon sequences in mRNA, with some room for wobble. B. The
Which steps during the translation of bacterial mRNA involve an interaction between complementary strands of RNA?
In which of the ribosomal sites, the A site, P site, and/or E site, could the following be found? A. A tRNA without an amino acid attached B. A tRNA with a polypeptide attached C. A tRNA with a
According to Figure 13.17, explain why the ribosome translocates along the mRNA in a 5' to 3' direction rather than a 3' to 5' direction.
Explain what is meant by the coupling of transcription and translation in bacteria. Does coupling occur in bacterial and/or eukaryotic cells? Explain.
In bacteria, researchers have isolated strains that carry mutations within tRNA genes. These mutations can change the sequence of the anticodon. For example, a normal tRNAlrpgene would encode a tRNA
The wobble rules for tRNA-mRNA pairing are shown in Figure 13.12. If we assume that the tRNAs do not contain modified bases, what is the minimum number of tRNAs needed to efficiently recognize the
How many different sequences of mRNA could encode a peptide with the sequence proline-glycine-methionine-serine?
In the experiment of Figure 13.7, what would be the predicted amounts of amino acids incorporated into polypeptides if the RNA was a random polymer containing 50% C and 50% G?
Polypeptides can be translated in vitro. Would a bacterial mRNA be translated in vitro by eukaryotic ribosomes? Would a eukaryotic mRNA be translated in vitro by bacterial ribosomes? Why or why not?
Discuss how the elucidation of the structure of the ribosome can help us to understand its function.
Chapter 20 describes a blotting method known as Western blotting that can be used to detect the production of a polypeptide that is translated from a particular mRNA. In this method, a protein is
The technique of Western blotting can be used to detect proteins that are translated from a particular mRNA. This method is described in Chapter 20 and also in experimental question E5. Let's suppose
The protein known as tyrosinase is needed to make certain types of pigments. Tyrosinase is composed of a single polypeptide with 511 amino acids. Because each amino acid weighs 120 Da (on average),
Although 61 codons specify the 20 amino acids, most species display a codon bias. This means that certain codons are used much more frequently than other codons. For example, UUA, UUG, CUU, CUC, CUA,
Discuss why you think the ribosome needs to contain so many proteins and rRNA molecules. Does it seem like a waste of cellular energy to make such a large structure so that translation can occur?
Discuss and make a list of the similarities and differences in the events that occur during the initiation, elongation, and termination stages of transcription (see Chapter 12) and translation
Which events during translation involve molecular recognition between base sequences within different RNAs? Which events involve recognition between different protein molecules?
Discuss the meaning of the following terms: genomics, functional genomics, and proteomics.
Discuss the reasons why the proteome is larger than the genome of a given species.
What is a database? What types of information are stored within a database? Where does the information come from? Discuss the objectives of a genome database.
Discuss the distinction between sequence recognition and pattern recognition.
A multiple sequence alignment of five homologous proteins is shown here:Discuss some of the interesting features that this alignment reveals.
What is the difference between similarity and homology?
Which of the following statements uses the term homologous correctly? A. The two X chromosomes in female mammalian cells are homologous to each other. B. The ct-tubulin gene in Saccharomyces
When comparing (i.e., aligning) two or more genetic sequences, it is sometimes necessary to put in gaps. Explain why. Discuss two changes (i.e., two types of mutations) that could happen during the
With regard to DNA microarrays, answer the following questions: A. What is attached to the slide? Be specific about the number of spots, the lengths of DNA fragments, and the origin of the DNA
Discuss why it is useful to search a database to identify sequences that are homologous to a newly determined sequence.
The secondary structure of 16S rRNA has been predicted using a computer-based sequence analysis. In general terms, discuss what type of information is used in a comparative sequence analysis, and
Discuss the basis for secondary structure prediction in proteins. How reliable is it?
To reliably predict the tertiary structure of a protein based on its amino acid sequence, what type of information must be available?
In this chapter, we considered a computer program that can translate a DNA sequence into a polypeptide sequence. A researcher has a sequence file that contains the amino acid sequence of a
In this chapter, we considered a computer program that translates a DNA sequence into a polypeptide sequence. Instead of running this program, a researcher could simply look the codons up in a
To identify the following types of genetic occurrences, would a program use sequence recognition, pattern recognition, or both? A. Whether a segment of Drosophila DNA contains a P element (which is a
The goal of many computer programs is to identify sequence elements within a long segment of DNA. What is a sequence element? Give two examples. How is the specific sequence of a sequence element
Take a look at the multiple sequence alignment in Figure 23.10 of the globin polypeptides from amino acids 101 to 148. A. Which of these amino acids are likely to be most important for globin
See solved problem SI before answering this question. Based on the sequence alignment in Figure 23.10, what is/are the most probable time(s) that mutations occurred in the human globin gene family to
In the experiment of Figure 23.2, explain how the ratio of red-to-green fluorescence provides information regarding gene regulation.
Take a look at solved problem SI and the codon table found in Chapter 13 (Table 13.1). Assuming that a mutation involving a single-base change is more likely than a double-base change, propose how
Membrane proteins often have transmembrane regions that span the membrane in an a-helical conformation. These transmembrane segments are about 20 amino acids long and usually contain amino acids with
Explain how a computer program can predict RNA secondary structure. What underlying genetic concept is used by the program to predict secondary structure?
Are the following statements about protein structure prediction true or false? A. The prediction of secondary structure relies on information regarding the known occurrence of amino acid residues in
What is meant by the term cluster analysis? How is this approach useful?
For 2D-gel electrophoresis, what physical properties of proteins promote their separation in the first dimension and the second dimension?
Can 2D-gel electrophoresis be used as a purification technique? Explain.
Explain how tandem mass spectroscopy is used to determine the sequence of a peptide. Once a peptide sequence is known, how is this information used to determine the sequence of the entire protein?
Describe the two general types of protein microarrays. What are their possible applications?
Discuss the strategies that can be used to identify a protein-encoding gene using bioinformatics.
What is a motif? Why is it useful for computer programs to identify functional motifs within amino acid sequences?
Let's suppose you are in charge of organizing and publicizing a genomic database for the mouse genome. Make a list of innovative strategies you would initiate to make the mouse genome database useful
Let's suppose a 5-year-old told you that she was interested in pursuing a career studying the three-dimensional structure of proteins. (Okay, so she's a bit precocious.) Would you advise her to
Familial fatal insomnia (described in Table 24.6) is a prion disease inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Researchers have identified the PrP gene, located on the short arm of chromosome 20, and
What is the difference between an oncogene and a tumor-suppressor gene? Give two examples.
What is a proto-oncogene? What are the typical functions of proteins encoded by proto-oncogenes? At the level of protein function, what are the general ways that proto-oncogenes can be converted into
What is a retroviral oncogene? Is it necessary for viral infection and proliferation? How have retroviruses acquired oncogenes?
A genetic predisposition to developing cancer is usually inherited as a dominant trait. At the level of cellular function, are the alleles involved actually dominant? Explain why some individuals who
Describe the types of genetic changes that commonly convert a proto-oncogene into an oncogene. Give three examples. Explain how the genetic changes are expected to alter the activity of the gene
Relatively few inherited forms of cancer involve the inheritance of mutant oncogenes. Instead, most inherited forms of cancer are defects in tumor-suppressor genes. Give two or more reasons why we
The rb gene encodes a protein that inhibits E2F, a transcription factor that activates several genes involved in cell division. Mutations in rb are associated with certain forms of cancer, such as
A p53 knockout mouse in which both copies of p53 are defective has been produced by researchers. This type of mouse appears normal at birth. However, it is highly sensitive to UV light. Based on your
With regard to cancer cells, which of the following statements are true? A. Cancer cells are clonal, which means they are derived from a single mutant cell. B. To become cancerous, cells usually
Many genetic disorders exhibit locus heterogeneity. Define and give two examples of locus heterogeneity. How does locus heterogeneity confound a pedigree analysis?
When the DNA of a human cell becomes damaged, the p53 gene is activated. What is the general function of the p53 protein? Is it an enzyme, transcription factor, cell-cycle protein, or something else?
In general, why do changes in chromosome structure or number tend to affect an individual's phenotype? Explain why some changes in chromosome structure, such as reciprocal translocations, do not.
We often speak of diseases such as phenylketonuria (PKU) and achondroplasia as having a "genetic basis." Explain whether the following statements are accurate with regard to the genetic basis of any
Figure 24.1 illustrates albinism in two different species. Describe two other genetic disorders found in both humans and animals.
Discuss why a genetic disease might have a particular age of onset. Would an infectious disease have an age of onset? Explain why or why not.
Gaucher disease (type I) is due to a defect in a gene that encodes a protein called acid (3-glucosidase. This enzyme plays a role in carbohydrate metabolism within the lysosome. The gene is located
Ehler-Danlos syndrome is a relatively rare disorder caused by a mutation in a gene that encodes a protein called collagen (type 3 Al). Collagen is a protein found in the extracellular matrix that
Which of the following experimental observations would suggest that a disease has a genetic basis? A. The frequency of the disease is less likely in relatives that live apart compared with relatives
Explain how the experimental study of cancer-causing viruses has increased our understanding of cancer.
Discuss ways to distinguish whether a particular form of cancer involves an inherited predisposition or is due strictly to (postzygotic) somatic mutations. In your answer, consider that only one
The codon change (Gly-12 to Val-12) in human rasH that converts it to oncogenic rasH has been associated with many types of cancers. For this reason, researchers would like to develop drugs to
Describe how normal mammalian cells grow on solid media in a laboratory and how cancer cells grow. Is a malignant focus derived from a single cancer cell or from many independent cancer cells that
Explain how DNA microarrays are used in the molecular profiling of cancer.
At the beginning of this chapter, we discussed the types of experimental observations that suggest a disease is inherited. Which of these observations do you find the least convincing? Which do you
What is meant by the term genetic testing? What is different between testing at the protein level versus testing at the DNA level? Describe five different techniques used in genetic testing.
A particular disease is found in a group of South American Indians. During the 1920s, many of these people migrated to Central America. In the Central American group, the disease is never
Chapter 20 describes a blotting method known as Western blotting that can be used to detect a polypeptide that is translated from a particular mRNA. In this method, a particular polypeptide or
An experimental assay for the blood-clotting protein called factor IX is available. A blood sample was obtained from each member of the pedigree shown here. The amount of factor IX protein is shown
Let's suppose a cell line has become malignant because it has accumulated mutations that inactivate two different tumor-suppressor genes. A researcher followed the protocol described in the
What is a transformed cell? Describe three different methods to transform cells in a laboratory.
Make a list of the benefits that may arise from genetic testing as well as possible negative consequences. Discuss the items on your list.
With regard to pedigree analysis, make a list of the patterns that distinguish among recessive, dominant, and X-linked genetic diseases.
Hurler syndrome is due to a mutation in a gene that encodes a protein called a-L-iduronidase. This protein functions within the lysosome as an enzyme that breaks down mucopolysaccharides (a type of
Hurler syndrome, Fabry disease involves an abnormal accumulation of substances within lysosomes. However, the lysosomes of individuals with Fabry disease show an abnormal accumulation of lipids. The
Achondroplasia is a rare form of dwarfism caused by an autosomal dominant mutation that affects the gene that encodes a fibroblast growth factor receptor. Among 1,422,000 live births, the number of
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is due to a mutation in a gene that encodes a protein called hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT). HPRT is an enzyme that functions in purine metabolism. People
Marfan syndrome is due to a mutation in a gene that encodes a protein called fibrillin-1. It is inherited as a dominant trait. The fibrillin-1 protein is the main constituent of extracellular
Sandhoff disease is due to a mutation in a gene that encodes a protein called hexosaminidase B. This disease has symptoms that are similar to Tay-Sachs disease. Weakness begins in the first 6 months

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