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Questions and Answers of Biology

Lets suppose a mutation in the glucocorticoid receptor does not prevent the binding of the glucocorticoid hormone to the protein but prevents the ability of the receptor to activate transcription.
Briefly describe the method of chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChlP-Seq). How is it used to determine nucleosome positions within a genome?
Researchers can isolate a sample of cells, such as skin fibroblasts, and grow them in the laboratory. This procedure is called a cell culture. A cell culture can be exposed to a sample of DNA. If the
Restriction enzymes, described in Chapter 20, are enzymes that recognize a particular DNA sequence and cleave the DNA (along the DNA backbone) at that site. The restriction enzyme known as Notl
You will need to understand solved problem S4 before answering this question. A muscle - specific gene was cloned and then subjected to promoter bashin. As shown here, six regions, labeled A - F,
You will need to understand solved problem S4 before answering this question .A gene that is normally expressed in pancreatic cell was cloned and then subjected to promoter bashing. As shown here,
A get retardation assay can be used to determine if a protein bids to a segment of DNA. When a segment of DNA is bound by a protein. Its mobility will be retarded, and the DNA band will appear higher
Explain how DNA methylation could be used to regulate gene expression in a tissue-specific way. When and where would de novo methylation occur, and when would demethylation occur? What would occur in
Enhancers can be almost anywhere and affect the transcription of a gene. Let's suppose you have a gene cloned on a piece of DNA, and the DNA fragment is 50,000 bp in length. Using cloning methods
Define epigenetics. Are all epigenetic changes passed from parent to offspring? Explain.
In general, explain how epigenetic modifications are an important mechanism for developmental changes that lead to specialized body parts and cell types. How do the trithorax and polycomb group
What are the contrasting roles of trithorax and polycomb group complexes during development in animals and plants?
With regard to development, what would be the dire consequences if polycomb group complexes did not function properly?
Using coat color in mice and the development of female honeybees as examples, how can dietary factors cause epigenetic modifications, leading to phenotypic effects?
How can environmental agents that do not cause gene mutations contribute to cancer? Would these epigenetic changes be passed to offspring?
Define alternative splicing. What are advantages and disadvantages of this process?
What is the function of a splicing factor? Explain how splicing factors can regulate the cell-specific splicing of mRNAs.
Figure 16.8 shows the products of alternative splicing for the a-tropomyosin pre-mRNA. Let's suppose that smooth muscle cells produce splicing factors that are not produced in other cell types.
Let's suppose a person is homozygous for a mutation in the IRP gene that changed the structure of the iron regulatory protein in such a way that it could not bind iron, but it could still bind to
List and briefly describe five types of molecular events that may underlie epigenetic gene regulation.
In response to potentially toxic substances (e.g., high levels of iron), eukaryotic cells often use translational regulatory mechanisms to prevent cell death, rather than using transcriptional
What are the advantages and disadvantages of mRNAs with a short half-life compared with mRNAs with a long half-life?
What is the phenomenon of RNA interference (RNAi)? During RNAi, explain how the double-stranded RNA is processed and how it leads to the silencing of a complementary mRNA.
With regard to RNAi, what are three possible sources for double-stranded RNA?
What is the relationship between mRNA stability and mRNA concentration? What factors affect mRNA stability?
Describe how the binding of the iron regulatory protein affects the mRNAs for ferritin and the transferrin receptor. How does iron influence this process?
Explain how epigenetic changes may be targeted to specific genes.
What is the key difference between a cis- and trans-epigenetic mechanism that maintains an epigenetic modification? In Chapter 5, we considered genomic imprinting of the Igf2 gene in which offspring
Explain how DNA methylation and the formation of a DNA loop controls the expression of the lgf2 gene in mammals. How is this gene imprinted so that only the paternal copy is expressed in offspring?
Following X-chromosome inactivation, most of the genes on the inactivated X chromosome are silenced. Explain how. Name one gene that is not silenced.
A gene, which we will call gene C, can be epigenetically modified in such a way that its expression in some cells is permanently silenced. Describe how you could conduct cell fusion experiments to
In the experiments described in Figure 16.7, explain the relationship between coat color and DNA methylation. How is coat color related to the diet of the mother?
5-Azocytidine is an inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase. If it were fed to female mice during pregnancy, explain how you think it would affect the coat color of offspring carrying the A? allele.
A research study indicated that an agent in cigarette smoke caused the silencing of a tumor suppressor gene called p53. However, upon sequencing, no mutation was found in the DNA sequence for this
Let's suppose you were interested in developing drugs to prevent epigenetic changes that may contribute to cancer. What cellular proteins would be the target of your drugs? What possible side effects
Explain how the data of Fire and Mello suggested that double-stranded RNA is responsible for the silencing of the mex-3 mRNA.
Chapter 20 describes a blotting method known as Northern blot¬ting, in which a short segment of cloned DNA is used as a probe to detect RNA that is transcribed from a particular gene. The DNA
Discuss the similarities and differences of phenotypic variation that are caused by epigenetic gene regulation versus variation in gene sequences (epigenetics versus genetics)
How are regulatory transcription factors (described in Chapter 15) and regulatory splicing factors (described in this chapter) similar in their mechanism of action? In your discussion, consider the
Describe how an early interest in the human body eventually led to the development of modem medical science.
How might health-care professionals provide the basic requirements of life to an unconscious patient? Describe the body parts involved in the treatment, using correct directional and regional terms.
Suppose two individuals develop benign (noncancerous) tumors that produce symptoms because they occupy space and crowd adjacent organs. If one of these persons has the tumor in the thoracic cavity
Compare your own needs for survival with the requirements of organisms described in the chapter.
If a patient complained of a "stomachache' and pointed to the umbilical region as the site of discomfort, which organs heated in this region might be the source of the pain?
Explain the relationship between homeostasis and the internal environment.
Explain the control of body temperature.
Describe the homeostatic mechanisms that help regulate blood pressure and blood glucose- what do they have in common and how are they different?
Which characteristics of life does a computer have? Why is a computer not alive?
Identify the cavities within the axial portion of the body.
Name the body cavity that houses each of the following organs: a. Stomach b. Heart c. Brain d. Liver e. Trachea f. Rectum g. Spinal cord h. Esophagus i. Spleen j. Urinary bladder
List the cavities of the head and the contents of each cavity.
Distinguish between a parietal and a visceral membrane.
Describe the general contribution of each of the organ systems to maintaining homeostasis.
List the major organs that compose each organ system and identify their functions.
Describe physical changes associated with aging that occur during each decade past the age of 30.
List age-associated changes that occur at the molecular, cellular, tissue and/or organ levels.
Distinguish between anatomy and physiology.
Write complete sentences using each of the following terms to correctly describe the relative locations of specific body parts: a. Superior b. Inferior c. Anterior d. Posterior e. Medial f.
Sketch the outline of a human body, and use lines to indicate each of the following sections. a.Sagittal b. Transverse c. Frontal
Sketch the abdominal area, and indicate the location of the following regions a. Right upper quadrant b. Right lower quadrant c. Left upper quadrant d. Left lower quadrant
Provide the common name for the region to which each of the following terms refers a. Acromial b. Antebrachial c. Axillary d. Buccal e. Celiac f. Coxal g. Crural h. Femoral i. Genital j. Gluteal k.
Explain the relationship between the form and function of body parts and give three examples.
Describe the relationship between each of the following pairs:molecules and cells, tissues and organs, organs and organ systems.
In health, body parts interact to maintain homeostasis. Illness can threaten the maintenance of homeostasis, requiring treatment. What treatments might be used to help control a patient's (a) Body
Which characteristics of life can you identify in yourself ?
How would you explain the importance of amino acids and proteins in a diet to a person following a diet composed primarily of carbohydrates?
Explain the relationship between elements and atoms.
Identify the major parts of an atom and indicate where they are found within an atom.
Explain why a complete atom is electrically neutral.
Distinguish between atomic number and atomic weight.
Explain how electrons are distributed within the electron shells of atoms.
Show the difference between the molecular formula and the structural formula of a specific compound.
Identify three major types of chemical reactions.
Define reversible reaction.
Define electrolyte, add. base, and salt.
Explain pH and how to use the pH scale.
Describe the functions of water and oxygen in the human body.
List several ions that cells require and identify their functions.
Describe the general characteristics of carbohydrates.
Describe the general characteristics of lipids.
List at least three functions of proteins.
Describe how the change in shape of a protein may be either abnormal or associated with normal function.
What acidic and basic substances do you encounter in your everyday activities? What acidic foods do you eat regularly? What basic foods do you eat?
A man on a very low-fat diet proclaims to his friend. I'm going to get my cholesterol down to zero!" Is this desirable? Why or why not?
Describe three types of differentiated cells.
List the parts of the nucleus and explain why each is important.
Distinguish among hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions.
Explain how phagocylosis differs from receptor-mediated endocytosis.
Explain hew meiosis differs from mitosis.
Describe the events of mitosis in sequence.
List five factors that control when and if a cell divides.
Explain why it is important for the cell cycle to be highly regulated.
Discuss the consequences of too little cell division and too much cell division.
Distinguish between the ways that mutations in oncogen and tumor suppressor genes cause cancer.
List the steps of apoptosis.
For experimental stem, cell therapy, state the part of a cell reprogrammed to function like that of a stem cell and stimulated to differentiate in a particular way.
Organelles compartmentalize a cell. What advantage does this offer a large cell? Cite two examples of organelles and the activities they compartmentalize.
Exposure to tobacco smoke immobilizes and destroys cilia, how might this effect explain why smokers have an increased incidence of coughing and respiratory infections?
Which process-diffusion, osmosis, or filtration-is used in the following situations? a. Injection of a drug hypertonic to the tissues stimulates pain. b. The urea concentration in the dialyzing fluid
Reports in the media about stem cells usually state that they turn into any kind of cell in the body. Explain why this statement is only partially correct, including a description of how a stem cell

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