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medical sciences
biology

Questions and Answers of Biology

Trace each step in the pathway from an olfactory receptor to the interpreting center of the cerebrum.
Trace each step in the pathway from a taste receptor to the interpreting center of the cerebrum.
Trace each step in the pathway from the external acoustic meatus to hearing receptors.
Identify the parts of the tympanic reflex, explain how they work, and explain the importance of this reflex.
Why are some serious injuries, like a bullet entering the abdomen, relatively painless, but others, such as a bum, considerably more painful?
Describe the cochlea and its function.
Explain how a hearing receptor stimulates a sensory neuron.
Trace each step in the pathway from the spiral organ to the interpreting centers of the cerebrum.
Describe the organs of static and dynamic equilibrium and their functions.
Name the three layers of the eye wall and describe the functions of each layer.
Explain the mechanisms of pupil constriction and pupil dilation.
Distinguish between the fovea centralis and the optic disc.
Explain how light is focused on the retina.
Explain why looking at a close object causes fatigue in terms of how accommodation is accomplished.
Distinguish between rods and cones.
Explain why cone vision is generally more acute than rod vision.
Describe the function of rhodopsin.
Describe the relationship between light wavelength and color vision.
Explain why a person with normal binocular vision is able to judge distance and depth of close objects more accurately than a person who has lost one eye.
Trace each step in the pathway from the retina to the visual cortex.
Loss of the sense of smell often precedes the major symptoms of Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease. What additional information is needed to use this association to prevent or treat these
List three causes of hearing toss associated with aging.
Explain five problems that can interfere with vision as a person ages.
Explain how sensory receptors stimulate sensory impulses.
A patient with heart disease experiences pain at the base of the neck and in the left shoulder and upper limb during exercise. How would you explain the likely origin of this pain to the patient?
Explain the projection of a sensation.
People who are deaf due to cochlear damage do not suffer motion sickness. Why not?
List the steps of the action of most nonsteroid hormones.
Explain how prostaglandins are similar to hormones and how they are different.
What problems might result from the prolonged administration of cortisol to a person with severe inflammatory disease?
Diagram the three mechanisms that control hormone secretion, including negative feedback in each mechanism.
Describe the location and structure of the pituitary gland.
Explain two ways that the brain controls pituitary gland activity.
Match the following hormones with their actions: (1) Growth hormone .......................... A. milk synthesis (2) Thyroid stimulating hormone ........... B. cell division (3) Prolactin
When a nuclear reactor explodes, a great plume of radioactive isotopes erupts into the air and may spread for thousands of miles. Most of the isotopes emitted immediately following the blast are of
Explain how growth hormone produces its effects.
Describe the anatomical differences between the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland.
Name and describe the functions of the posterior pituitary hormones.
Describe the location and structure of the thyroid gland.
Define iodide pump.
Diagram the control of thyroid hormone secretion.
Describe the location and structure of the parathyroid glands.
Explain the specificity of a hormone for its target cell.
Diagram the regulation of parathyroid hormone secretion.
Distinguish between the adrenal medulla and the adrenal cortex.
Diagram control of aldosterone secretion.
Diagram control of cortisol secretion.
Describe the location and structure of the pancreas.
List the hormones the pancreatic islets secrete and their general functions.
Diagram the control of pancreatic hormone secretion.
Describe the location and general function of the pineal gland.
Describe the location and general function of the thymus.
Name five additional hormone-secreting organs.
Distinguish between a stressor and stress.
List several factors that cause physical and/or psychological stress.
Describe hormonal and nervous responses to stress.
Levels of which hormones decrease with age? Which increase?
List six general functions of hormones.
A young mother feels shaky, distracted, and generally ill. She lives with her mother, who is dying. A friend tells the young woman. It's just stress, it's all in your head." Is it?
Explain how hormones can be grouped on the basis of their chemical composition.
Growth hormone is administered to people who have pituitary dwarfism. Parents wanting their normal children to be taller have requested the treatment for them. Do you think that this is a wise
List the steps of steroid hormone action.
If a patient with inoperable cancer is treated using a drug that reduces the rate of cell division, how might the patient's white blood cell count change? How might the patient's environment be
Commercially available antiserum samples containing antibodies for antigens A, B, and D are used to determine the type of a particular patient's blood. The antiserum is mixed with the sample of
Describe the life cycle of a red blood cell from production through destruction.
Explain how vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiencies affect red blood cell production.
Name five types of leukocytes, and list the major functions of each type.
Explain the significance of white blood cell counts as aids to diagnosing disease.
Name three types of plasma proteins, and indicate the function of each type.
Explain how blood vessel spasm is stimulated following an injury.
Indicate the trigger and outline the steps for extrinsic clotting and for intrinsic clotting.
Describe the major steps leading to the formation of a blood clot.
Describe a positive feedback system that operates during blood clotting.
Explain how a blood clot may be removed naturally from a blood vessel.
Define hematocrit, and explain how it is determined.
Describe how blood coagulation may be prevented.
Explain the basis of ABO blood types.
Explain why a person with blood type O is sometimes called a universal donor.
Describe erythroblastosis fetalis, and explain how this condition may develop.
Some athletes have been accused of performing "blood doping' to improve their athletic performance. Why would removing blood a month or so prior to performance, then reinfusing the blood shortly
Indicate where blood cells differentiate, and explain the process.
What structures and properties should an artificial heart have?
Describe the pressure changes in the atria and ventricles during a cardiac cycle.
Cirrhosis of the liver. a disease commonly associated with alcoholism, obstructs blood flow through the hepatic blood vessels. As a result the blood backs up, and the capillary pressure greatly
Explain the origins of heart sounds.
Distinguish between the roles of the SA node and AV node.
Explain how the cardiac conduction system controls the cardiac cycle.
Describe and explain the normal ECG pattern.
Discuss how the nervous system regulates the cardiac cycle.
Describe two factors other than the nervous system that affect the cardiac cycle.
Why is ventricular fibrillation more likely to be life-threatening than atrial fibrillation?
Explain control of vasoconstriction and vasodilation.
Describe the structure and function of a capillary.
Explain control of blood flow through a capillary.
Relate how diffusion functions in the exchange of substances between blood plasma and tissue fluid.
Explain why water and dissolved substances leave the arteriolar end of a capillary and enter the venular end.
Distinguish between a venule and a vein.
Explain how veins function as blood reservoirs.
Name several factors that influence blood pressure, and explain how each produces its effect.
Describe the control of blood pressure.

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