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medical sciences
biology

Questions and Answers of Biology

Compared to the shoulder and hip joints, in what ways is the knee joint especially vulnerable to injuries?
Explain how the joints between vertebrae permit movement.
Describe the difference between a tendon and an aponeurosis.
Describe the neuromuscular junction.
Describe the neural control of skeletal muscle contraction.
Identify the major events that occur during skeletal muscle fiber contraction.
Explain how ATP and creatine phosphate function in skeletal muscle fiber contraction.
Describe how oxygen is supplied to skeletal muscle.
Describe how oxygen debt may develop.
Explain how a muscle may become fatigued, and how a person's physical condition may affect tolerance to fatigue.
Several important nerves and blood vessels course through the muscles of the gluteal region. To avoid the possibility of damaging such parts, intramuscular injections are usually made into the
Distinguish between a twitch and a sustained contraction.
Define motor unit and explain how the number of fibers in a unit affects muscular contractions.
Explain how a skeletal muscle can be stimulated to produce a sustained contraction.
Distinguish between a complete tetanic contraction and muscle tone.
Distinguish between concentric and eccentric contractions, and explain how each is used in body movements.
Distinguish between fast- and stow-twitch muscle fibers.
Distinguish between multiunit smooth muscle and visceral smooth muscle.
Describe a lever, and explain how its parts may be arranged to form first-class, second-class, and third-class levers.
Describe how connective tissue is part of the structure of a skeletal muscle.
Distinguish between a muscle's origin and its insertion.
Explain the benefits of exercise for maintaining muscular health while aging.
Millions of people take drugs called statins to lower serum cholesterol levels. In a small percentage of people taking these drugs, muscle pain, termed myopathy, is an adverse effect. In a small
Distinguish among deep fascia, subcutaneous fascia, and sub-serous fascia.
Identify the major parts of a skeletal muscle fiber and describe the functions of each.
Describe how the nervous system detects change associated with the body and reacts to that change to maintain homeostasis.
Explain how Schwann cells encase large axons, including the formation of myelin, the neurilemma, and the nodes of Ranvier.
What do Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes have in common, and how do they differ?
Distinguish between myelinated and unmyelinated axons.
Describe the three types of neurons classified on the basis of structure.
Describe the three types of neurons classified on the basis of function.
List six functions of neuroglia.
Describe the neuroglia of the CNS.
Describe the neuroglia of the PNS.
Explain how an injured neuron may regenerate.
Explain how information is passed from a presynaptic neuron to a postsynaptic cell.
Define resting potential.
Distinguish among polarized, hyperpolarized. and depolarized.
List in correct order the changes that occur during an action potential.
Explain the relationship between an action potential and impulse conduction down an axon.
Define refractory period.
Explain the importance of the nodes of Ranvier and conduction in myelinated fibers as opposed to conduction in unmyelinated fibers.
Distinguish between neurons and neuroglia.
Distinguish between excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials.
Explain what determines the output of a neuronal pool in terms of input neurons, excitation, and inhibition.
How would you explain the following observations?a. When motor nerve fibers in the leg are severed, the muscles they innervate become paralyzed; however, in time, control over the muscles often
List three general functions of the nervous system.
People who inherit familial periodic paralysis often develop very low blood potassium concentrations. How would you explain that the paralysis may disappear quickly when potassium ions are
Distinguish a sensory receptor from an effector.
In planning treatment for a patient who has had a cerebrovascular accident (CVA), why would it be important to know whether the CVA was caused by a ruptured or obstructed blood vessel?
Describe the structure of the cerebrum.
Describe the location and function of the sensory areas of the cortex.
Explain the function of the association areas of the lobes of the cerebrum.
Describe the location and function of the motor areas of the cortex.
Explain hemisphere dominance.
Distinguish between short-term and tong-term memory.
Explain the conversion of short-term to tong-term memory.
List the parts of the limbic system, and explain its functions.
Name the layers of the meninges, and explain their functions.
Name the functions of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
Describe the location and function of the reticular formation.
Distinguish between normal and paradoxical sleep.
Describe the structure of the spinal cord.
Distinguish between a reflex arc and a reflex.
Describe a withdrawal reflex.
Indicate whether each nerve tract is ascending or descending: a. Rubrospinal b. Corticospinal c. Spinothalamic d. Fasciculus gracilis e. Reticulospinal f. Spinocerebellar
Distinguish between the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
If a physician plans to obtain a sample of spinal fluid from a patient, what anatomical site can be safely used, and how should the patient be positioned to facilitate this procedure?
Describe the connective tissue and nervous tissue making up a peripheral nerve.
Draw the underside of a brain and label the cranial nerves.
Match the cranial nerve with its function(s). Functions may be used more than once.
Explain how the spinal nerves are grouped and numbered.
Define cauda equine.
Describe the parts and their functions of a spinal nerve.
Define plexus, and locate the major plexuses of the spinal nerves.
Contrast the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system.
Distinguish between a preganglionic fiber and a postganglionic fiber.
Define paravertebral ganglion.
Describe the relationship among the cerebrospinal fluid, the ventricles, the choroid plexuses, and arachnoid granulations.
Trace a sympathetic nerve pathway through a ganglion to effectors.
Trace a parasympathetic nerve pathway.
Distinguish between cholinergic and adrenergic nerve fibers.
Explain how autonomic neurotransmitters influence the actions of effector cells.
Distinguish between alpha adrenergic and beta adrenergic receptors.
List the functions of cerebrospinal fluid.
The Brown-Seguard syndrome is due to an injury on one side of the spinal cord. It is characterized by paralysis below the injury and on the same side as the injury, and by toss of sensations of
Describe the events of brain development.
The biceps-jerk reflex employs motor neurons that exit from the spinal cord in the 5th spinal nerve (C5) that is fifth from the top of the cord. The tnceps-jerk reflex involves motor neurons in the
Explain the difference between a general sense and a special sense.
Define sensory adaptation.
Explain how general senses can be grouped.
Describe the functions of free nerve endings, tactile corpuscles, and lamellated corpuscles.
Describe the functions of the two classes of thermoreceptors.
Compare pain receptors with the other types of somatic receptors.
Define referred pain, and provide an example.
Contrast the pathways invoked in the production of acute and chronic pain.
Explain how neuropeptides relieve pain.
Match each sensory receptor to the type of stimulus to which it is likely to respond: (1) Chemoreceptor .................. A. approaching headlights (2) Pain receptor .................... B. a change
Distinguish between muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs.
Explain how the senses of smell and taste function together to create the perception of the flavors of foods.

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