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medical sciences
biology

Questions and Answers of Biology

Why is water a polar molecule? Give two examples of why this property is important in microbiology.
Differentiate between an atom, a molecule, and a compound.
Microorganisms use hydrogen bonds to attach to surfaces. Many of the cells lose hold of the surface because of the weak nature of these bonds. Contrast the benefits and disadvantages of using
Which solution is more acidic, one with a pH of 4 or a pH of 5? What is the concentration of H+ ions in each? The concentration of OH- ions?
This table indicates the freezing and boiling points of several molecules: Molecule Freezing Point (°C) Boiling Point (°C) Water 0 100 Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) - 23 77 Methane (CH4) - 182 -
Give an example of dehydration synthesis. Give an example of a hydrolysis reaction. How are these reactions related?
List four functions of proteins.
What are the four levels of protein structure, and what is the distinguishing feature of each?
How do the two types of nucleic acids differ from one another in (a) composition, (b) size, and (c) function?
What properties of the carbon atom make it ideal as the key atom for all molecules in organisms?
How is thin-sectioning different from freeze-etching?
Why is lipopolysaccharide medically significant?
How is the structure of a eukaryotic flagellum different from its prokaryotic counterpart?
How does a DIC microscope increase contrast?
Why would a cell need to secrete proteins?
What is the significance of lipid A?
Explain why penicillin kills only actively multiplying cells, whereas lysozyme kills cells in any stage of growth.
Explain why a sugary diet can lead to tooth decay.
Explain how glycogen granules benefit a cell.
Explain why endospores are an important concern for the canning industry.
Why are the processes of sporulation and germination not a mechanism of multiplication?
How could one argue that the interior of an organelle is "outside" of a cell?
How might a bacterium resist the killing effects of a phagolysosome?
This graph shows facilitated diffusion of a compound across a cytoplasmic membrane and into a cell. As the external concentration of the compound is increased, the rate of uptake increases until it
Explain how the Golgi apparatus cooperatively functions with the endoplasmic reticulum.
Most medically useful antibiotics interfere with either peptidoglycan synthesis or ribosome function. Why would the cytoplasmic membrane be a poor target for antibacterial medications?
Explain why basic dyes are used more frequently than acidic dyes in staining.
Describe what happens at each step in the Gram stain.
Compare and contrast ABC transport systems with group translocation.
Give two reasons why the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria is medically significant.
Compare and contrast penicillin and lysozyme.
Describe how a plasmid can help a cell.
How is an organ different from tissue?
How is receptor-mediated endocytosis different from phagocytosis?
How does the process of binary fission relate to the generation time?
What properties of agar make it ideal for use in culture media?
To identify the causative agent of a given illness, a pure culture is often needed. How is a streak plate used to obtain a pure culture?
Explain what occurs during each of the five phases of growth.
Explain how the environment of a colony differs from that of cells growing in a liquid broth.
List the five categories of optimum temperature, and describe a corresponding environment in which a representative might thrive.
Explain why O2-containing atmospheres kill some microbes.
Distinguish between a selective medium and a differential medium.
Why would a hospital require a more stringent level of microbial control than daily home life?
Why would a biological indicator be better than other indicators to determine if the sterilization procedure was effective?
An agriculture extension agent is preparing pamphlets on preventing the spread of disease. In the pamphlet, he must explain the appropriate situations for using disinfectants around the house. What
As a microbiologist representing a food corporation, you have been asked to serve on a health food panel to debate the need for chemical preservatives in foods. Your role is to prepare a statement
Explain why it takes longer to kill a population of 109 cells than it does to kill a population of 103 cells.
This graph shows the time it takes to kill populations of the same microorganism under different conditions. What conditions would explain the differences in lines a, b, and c?
This diagram shows the filter paper method used to evaluate the inhibitory effect of chemical agents, heavy metals, and antibiotics on bacterial growth. A culture of a test bacterium is spread
When canning, why are low-acid foods processed at higher temperatures than high-acid foods?
How is an iodophore different from a tincture of iodine?
Why is it difficult to calculate the actual maximum ATP yield of respiration in a prokaryotic cell?
Energy is required to reverse the flow of the electron transport chain. Why would this be so?
A worker in a cheese-making facility argues that whey, a nutrient-rich by-product of cheese, should be dumped in a nearby pond where it could serve as fish food. Explain why this proposed action
Chemolithotrophs near hydrothermal vents support a variety of other life-forms there. Explain how their role is analogous to that of photosynthetic organisms in terrestrial environments.
A student argued that aerobic and anaerobic respiration should produce the same amount of ATP. He reasoned that they both use basically the same process; only the terminal electron acceptor is
Why do the electrons carried by FADH2 result in less ATP production than those carried by NADH?
Explain how glucose represses the lactose operon.
What are the base-pairing rules?
A graduate student is trying to identify the gene coding for an enzyme found in a bacterial species that degrades trinitrotoluene (TNT). The student is frustrated to find that the organism does not
A student wants to remove the introns from a segment of DNA coding for protein X. Devise a strategy to do this.
In a variation of the experiment in the previous question, the following materials were added to three separate cell-free systems, generating the indicated results: Materials Added Results
The study of protein synthesis often uses a cell-free system where cells are ground with an abrasive to release the cell contents and then filtered to remove the abrasive. These materials are added
Distinguish between photoreactivation and excision repair of thymine dimers.
How does UV light cause mutations?
To maximize the number of mutations following UV irradiation, should you incubate the irradiated cells in the light or in the dark, or does it make any difference? Explain your answer.
How does penicillin enrichment make it easier to isolate mutants?
How could DNA-mediated transformation be used to test chemicals for their mutagenic activity?
Describe the outcomes of the three types of matings (F+ × F-, Hfr × F-, and F' × F-).
Would you expect transfer of chromosomal DNA by conjugation to be more efficient if cells were plated together on solid medium (agar) or mixed together in a liquid in a shaking flask? Explain.
Is it as effective to take two antibiotics sequentially as it is to take them simultaneously, as long as the total length of time that they are both taken is the same? Explain.
Some bacteria may have higher mutation rates than others following exposure to UV light. Discuss a reason why this might be the case. What experiments could you do to determine whether this is a
You have isolated a strain of E. coli that is resistant to penicillin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline. You also observe that when you mix this strain with cells of E. coli that are
How can DNA microarrays be used to determine which genes of a bacterial pathogen are expressed both inside and outside of a host cell?
Give two reasons why an abscess might not respond to antibiotic treatment.
Two students in a microbiology class are arguing about the origins of biotechnology. One student argued that biotechnology started with the advent of genetic engineering. The other student disagreed,
A student wants to clone gene X. On both sides of the gene are the recognition sequences for AluI and BamHI. Which enzyme would be easier to use for the cloning experiment and why?
Discuss some potential issues regarding gene therapy, the use of genetic engineering to correct genetic defects.
Describe three uses of genetically engineered plants.
An effective DNA probe can sometimes be developed by knowing the amino acid sequence of the protein encoded by the gene. A student argued that this is too time-consuming since the complete amino acid
Explain how PCR eventually generates a discrete-sized fragment from a much longer piece of DNA.
Explain why 16S rDNA is useful for determining phylogeny.
How does MacConkey agar help identify the cause of a urinary tract infection?
Describe two methods to test for the enzyme urease.
Microbiologists debate the use of biochemical similarities and cell features as a way of determining the taxonomic relationships among prokaryotes. Explain why some microbiologists believe these
Compare and contrast the five-kingdom and three-domain systems of classification.
A researcher interested in investigating the genetic relationship of mitochondria to bacteria must decide on the best method to study this. What advice would you give the researcher?
Describe the difference between using a probe and using PCR to detect a specific sequence.
Explain how signature sequences are used in bacterial identification.
Describe the function of PulseNet.
When DNA probes are used to detect specific sequence similarities in bacterial DNA, the probe is heated and the two strands of DNA are separated. Why must the probe DNA be heated?
Explain why DNA sequences are evolutionary chronometers.
How would the curve appear if the AT content were increased?
Why would it be an advantage for a Pseudomonas species to encode enzymes for degrading certain compounds on a plasmid rather than the chromosome?
Why would breast feeding affect the composition of a baby's intestinal microbiota?
A student argues that it makes no sense to be concerned about coliforms in drinking water because they are harmless members of our normal microbiota. Explain why regulatory agencies are concerned
A friend who has lakefront property and cherishes her lush green lawn complains of the green foul-smelling scum on the lake each summer. Explain how her lawn might be contributing to the problem.
Some organisms use sulfur as an electron donor (a source of energy) whereas others use sulfur as an electron acceptor. How can this be if there must be a difference between the electron affinity of
Soil often goes through periods of extreme dryness and extreme wetness. What characteristics of Clostridium species make them well suited for these conditions?
What characteristics of Azotobacter species protect their nitrogenase enzyme from inactivation by O2?

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