Summarize the role microbes play in the cycling of carbon, and discuss their possible influence on global warming.

Summarize the roles of normal biota and genetics in the development of type I allergic reactions. Discuss how probiotics or gene therapy could be used to alter an individuals allergic response to...

a. Urine in the bladder has always been thought to be a sterile fluid. Describe the diversity of microbes being identified in urine today, and explain why previous studies did not detect these...

A graduate student from Ireland tests positive in the tuberculin skin test. Upon reading the patient history, the doctor determines that the test is a false positive and does not pursue further...

What factors explain stability in attachment pattern for some children and change for others? Are these factors also involved in the link between attachment in infancy and later development? Explain.

Cite evidence on the development of preschoolers' memory, theory of mind, and literacy and mathematical understanding that is consistent with Vygotsky's sociocultural theory.

What do the following have in common? MOM; POP; NOON; MADAM, IM ADAM; A MAN, A PLAN, A CANAL: PANAMA.

Describe how one might determine which proteins in Escherichia coli are repressed when a culture is shifted from a minimal medium (containing only a single carbon source) to a rich medium containing...

Design a chloromethylketone inhibitor of elastase.

You will need to understand solved problem S4 before answering this question .A gene that is normally expressed in pancreatic cell was cloned and then subjected to promoter bashing. As shown here,...

What is the function of a splicing factor? Explain how splicing factors can regulate the cell-specific splicing of mRNAs.

Identify the following by describing their functions: EF-G, EF-Tu, EF-Ts, EF-P, and peptidyl transferase.

Although a large number of mutagenic chemicals are known, none is known that induces mutations in only a single gene (gene-specific mutagenesis). From what you know about mutagens, explain why it is...

McNaughton, Ruess, and Seagle (1988) proposed that grazing by large mammals increases the rate of nitrogen cycling on the savannas of East Africa. Explain how passing through a large mammal could...

The RNA polymerase from bacteriophage T7 differs structurally from prokaryotic and eukaryotic RNAPs and is extremely specific for its own promoter. Why do these properties make T7 RNAP useful in...

In a wild strain of tomato plants, the phenotypic variance for tomato weight is 3.2 g2. In another strain of highly inbred tomatoes raised under the same environmental conditions, the phenotypic...

A 3-year-old severely ill child was admitted to a hospital with symptoms of diarrhea, fever, and malaise. Laboratory testing showed abnormal renal and liver values and anemia. She had no history of...

What is the basis of the enrichment culture technique? Why is an enrichment medium usually suitable for the enrichment of only a certain group or groups of organisms?

As discussed in the experiment of Figure 19.9, the presence of a transposon can create a mutable site or locus that is subject to frequent chromosome breakage. Why do you think a transposon creates a...

Alan Forsythe, a middle-aged college professor from Boston, is in the Swiss Alps studying astronomy during his sabbatical leave. He has been there for two days and plans to stay the entire year....

Human cells contain a protein that binds to the 5' triphosphate groups of RNA. Explain why this protein would be part of the defense against viral infection.

Cite examples of how older children's capacity to take more information into account enhances their emotional understanding, perspective taking, and moral understanding.

Can nucleic acid probes in microbial ecology be as sensitive as culturing methods? What advantages do nucleic acid methods have compared with culture methods? What disadvantages?

We often speak of diseases such as phenylketonuria (PKU) and achondroplasia as having a "genetic basis." Explain whether the following statements are accurate with regard to the genetic basis of any...

In a large herd of 5468 sheep, 76 animals have yellow fat, compared with the rest of the members of the herd, which have white fat. Yellow fat is inherited as a recessive trait. This herd is assumed...

Which types of TEs have the greatest potential for proliferation: insertion elements, simple transposons, or retrotransposons? Explain your choice.

You will need to understand solved problem S4 before answering this question. In an island population, the following data were obtained for the numbers of people with each of the four blood types:...

Some mutations that do not alter the identity of the encoded amino acid lead to diminished production of the protein. How does the mutation affect translation?

A typical eukaryotic chromosome found in humans contains about 100 million bp of DNA. As described in Chapter 9, one bp of DNA has a linear length of 0.34 nm. A. What is the linear length of the DNA...

Determine the type of inhibition of an enzymatic reaction from the following data collected in the presence and absence of the inhibitor. [S] (mM) vo (mM min v, with I present (mM . min 1.3 2.0 2.8...

Enzyme A catalyzes the reaction S P and has a KM of 50 M and a Vmax of 100 nM s-1, Enzyme B catalyzes the reaction S Q and has a KM of 5 mM and a Vmax of 120 nM s-1. When 100 M of S is added to a...

A 0.01 M solution of a weak acid in water is 0.05% ionized at 25C. What is its pK?

In early attempts to identify and isolate the cause of syphilis, various bacteria in the discharge from syphilitic lesions in experimental animals were isolated in pure culture. None of them,...

As described in Chapter 15, the methylation of cytosine bases can have an important effect on gene expression. For example, the methylation of cytosines may inhibit the transcription of genes. A...

Let's suppose you have recently identified an organism that was scraped from an asteroid that hit the earth. (Fortunately, no one was injured.) When you analyze this organism, you discover that its...

In Chapter 22, the technique of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is described. This is another method for examining sequence complexity within a genome. In this method, a DNA sequence, such...

As described in experimental question E2 and also in Chapter 20, the technique of Northern blotting can be used to detect the transcription of RNA. Draw the results you would expect from a Northern...

Although physiologically distinct, chemolithotrophs and chemoorganotrophs share a number of features with respect to the production of ATP. Discuss these common features along with reasons why the...

In a variation of the experiment in the previous question, the following materials were added to three separate cell-free systems, generating the indicated results: Materials Added Results...

Examine the following five glycolytic intermediates: (a) Name each intermediate. (b) Write the order in which they appear in glycolysis. (c) Which intermediate is a reactant in substrate-level...

What is a CpG island? Where would you expect one to be located? How does the methylation of CpG islands affect gene expression?

In Part II of this textbook, we considered inheritance patterns for diploid eukaryotic species. Bacteria frequently contain two or more nucleoids. With regard to genes and alleles, how is a bacterium...

Edema is a common clinical problem. On your first day of a clinical rotation, you encounter four patients who have edema for different reasons. Your challenge is to explain the edema in terms of...

How are regulatory transcription factors (described in Chapter 15) and regulatory splicing factors (described in this chapter) similar in their mechanism of action? In your discussion, consider the...

A DNA-binding protein recognizes the following double-stranded sequence: 5'-GCCCGGGC-3' 3'-CGGGCCCG-5' This type of double-stranded structure could also occur within the stem region of an RNA...

A group of four birds flies to a new location and initiates the formation of a new colony. Three of the birds are homozygous AA, and one bird is heterozygous Aa. A. What is the probability that the a...

Experimentally, when an E. coli bacterium already has a prophage integrated into its chromosome, another phage cannot usually infect the cell and establish the lysogenic or lytic cycle. Based on...

Plant seeds contain storage proteins that are encoded by plant genes. When the seed germinates, these proteins are rapidly hydrolyzed (i.e., the covalent bonds between amino acids within the...

(a) Identify the two reactions that allow the kidney to produce NH4+. (b) Which gluconeogenic precursor is thereby generated? Describe the pathway by which it can be converted to glucose.

An enhancer, located upstream from a gene, has the following sequence: 5'-GTAG-3' 3'_CATC-5' This enhancer is orientation-independent. Which of the following sequences also works as an enhancer? A....

A hypothetical cell lineage is shown here. A gene, which we will call gene X, is activated in the B-l cell, so the B-l cell will progress through the proper developmental stages to produce three...

What is environmental science? What are some of the disciplines involved in environmental science?

Tumor-suppressor genes are normal human genes that prevent uncontrollable cell growth. Starting with a normal laboratory human cell line, describe how you could use transposon tagging to identify...

What is the key difference between a cis- and trans-epigenetic mechanism that maintains an epigenetic modification? In Chapter 5, we considered genomic imprinting of the Igf2 gene in which offspring...

When determining Earth's carrying capacity for humans, why is it not enough to just consider human numbers? What else must be considered?

Compare and contrast the experimental advantages of Drosophila and C. elegans in the study of developmental genetics.

If rates of decomposition are higher in ecosystems with higher nutrient availability, how should nutrient enrichment affect rates of decomposition? Because of its effects on fungal diversity, could...

Which of the following statement(s) is/are true with regard to positional information in Drosophila? A. Morphogens are a type of molecule that conveys positional information. B. Morphogenetic...

What is diauxic growth? Explain the roles of cAMP and the catabolite activator protein in this process.

Using three examples, describe how allosteric sites are important in the function of genetic regulatory proteins.

Many dairy operations keep cow's milk for sale and use formula and feed to raise any calves. One farmer noticed that calves raised on the formula and feed needed to be treated for diarrhea more...

Explain why both obligately anaerobic and obligately aerobic bacteria can often be isolated from the same soil sample.

Calculate KM and Vmax from the following data: SI (M) 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.8 1.6 (mM1) 0.34 0.53 0.74 0.91 1.04

How many different sequences of mRNA could encode a peptide with the sequence proline-glycine-methionine-serine?

What is meant by the term cell fate? What is a cell lineage diagram? Discuss the experimental advantage of having a cell lineage diagram. What is a cell lineage?

In the experiment described in Figure, what is the control and why is it essential?

Which inorganic electron donors are used by the organisms Ralstonia, Thiobacillus, and Acidithiobacillus?

Compare and contrast acetogens with methanogens in terms of (1) substrates and products of their energy metabolism, (2) ability to use organic compounds as electron donors in energy metabolism, and...

What classes of mammalian proteins are produced by biotechnology? How are the genes for such proteins obtained?

The green areas represent forest fragments surrounded by agriculture. Landscapes 1 and 2 contain the same total forest area. Which landscape, 1 or 2, will contain more forest interior species?...

Explain why and how sodium balance, ECF volume, and blood pressure are jointly regulated.

Calculate the binding affinity of a ligand for its receptor from the following data: [Free ligand] (mM) 0.6 1.5 3.0 6.0 15.0 Bound ligand] (mM) 6 10

In the garden pea, several different genes affect pod characteristics. A gene affecting pod color (green is dominant to yellow) is approximately 7 mu away from a gene affecting pod width (wide is...

Table 20.3 describes the cleavage sites of five different restriction enzymes. After these restriction enzymes have cleaved the DNA, four of them produce sticky ends that can hydrogen bond with...

Compare and contrast the structure and function of the following among bacteria and eukaryotes: a. Ribosome b. Flagellum c. Glycocalyx

What is fitness? To what degree does fitness depend on the environment in which organisms live?

What are the functions of light-harvesting and reaction center chlorophylls? Why would a mutant incapable of making light harvesting chlorophylls (such mutants can be readily isolated in the...

Match the following statements about protein structure with the proper levels of organization. (i) Primary structure (ii) (iii) Tertiary structure (iv) Quaternary structure (a) The three-dimensional...

A mutation that changes an alanine residue in a protein to an isoleucine leads to a loss of activity. Activity is regained when a further mutation at the same site changes the isoleucine to a...

Describe similarities in development of self-concept, attitudes toward racial and ethnic minorities, and gender-stereotyped beliefs in middle childhood.

Compare cohort and static life tables. What are the main assumptions of each? In what situations or for what organisms would it be practical to use either?

A 500-mL sample of a 0.100 M formate buer, pH 3.75, is treated with 5 mL of 1.00 M KOH. What is the pH following this addition?

Identify the circled functional groups and linkages in the compound below. OH CH H-NCCH CH-N-C-C-C-CH CH2 CH2 SH O/ H H O-P-O 20 PO OH

Foe each of the following characteristics, list all of the bases to which they apply (a) A signal that identifies a parental DNA strand in the Mut H, L, S mismatch correction system (b) Most likely...

Glycogen is treated with dimethyl sulfate, which adds a methyl group to every free OH group. Next, the molecule is hydrolyzed to break all the glycosidic bonds between glucose residues. The reaction...

As in many animals, albino coat color is a recessive trait in guinea pigs. Researchers removed the ovaries from an albino female guinea pig and then transplanted ovaries from a true-breeding black...

Name the major parts of the brain, and give a function for each part?

Although mutants incapable of producing exotoxins are relatively easy to isolate, mutants incapable of producing endotoxins are much harder to isolate. From what you know of the structure and...

Do you agree with the following statement? Complement is a critical component of antibody-mediated defense. Explain your answer. What might happen to persons who lack complement component C3? C5?...

What are the pros and cons of using geothermal energy to produce electricity? What are the pros and cons of using tidal power to produce electricity?

Contrast the approaches of Charles Darwin and Gregor Mendel to the study of populations. What were Darwin's main discoveries? What were Mendel's main discoveries? How did the studies of Darwin and...

RFLPs can include sequence changes created by single-base change, single-base insertion, single-base deletion, or tetranucleotide repeat, as shown in Figure 21.21. For each polymorphism, show a...

Protein denaturation can be triggered by a variety of environmental insults, including high temperature, covalent modification, and oxidation. Explain why researchers have observed a correlation...

Briefly explain how McClintock determined that Ds was occasionally moving from one chromosomal location to another. Discuss the type of data she examined to arrive at this conclusion.

Which of the following statements about cross-bridges is false? a. They are composed of myosin. b. They bind to ATP after they detach from actin. c. They contain an ATPase. d. They split ATP before...

A young boy was at the playground when he felt a sharp pain on his leg. Upon inspection, his mother realized he was stung by a bee. They went home and she carefully removed the stinger and washed the...

In an episode of the television show House, Dr. House pulled the patients tracheostomy tube and viewed into the pharynx to find evidence of a pseudomembrane. He then contacted the CDC to obtain the...

Explain whether each of the following represents point or nonpoint source pollution: fertilizer runoff, thermal pollution from a power plant, urban runoff, sewage from a ship, and erosion sediments...

Bianca's parents are accomplished musicians. At age 4, Bianca began taking piano lessons. By age 10, she was accompanying the school choir. At age 14, she asked if she could attend a special music...

Explain how dynamic assessment is consistent with Vygotsky's zone of proximal development and with scaffolding (see Chapter 9, pages 323-324).